Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 1

Case study - Essay Example This relationship calls for a change in the way the children perceives things and ends up creating a more successful person in the future. Play therapy is different in a way that it normally provides a safe, trusting, soothing and pleasurable environment to the child under consideration. The result of creating such a climate is the trust of the child in the therapist. The more the individual feels comfortable the easier it gets to understand his problem and solve it accordingly. Play therapy, hence, directs toward a one-to-one relationship where children are encouraged to communicate and express their feelings, fear, views and thoughts. Therapists normally get two kinds of communications from the children, that is, either the children communicate their issues and feelings directly in words (Wilson et. al., 2002) or indirectly by using actions and behaviors. Whatever way the child chooses, a therapist must respond to the messages, either direct or indirect, that he receives from the c hildren. Therapists are required to listen, understand and respond to the children in a way which they feel is suitable for that particular child. The therapists must keep in mind that their behavior and responses would play a significant role in the development of a future relationship between them and the children. They need to flourish the relationship and must respond in a way which strengthens the relationship rather than creating any negative feeling or perception in the child’s mind. The underlying theory is to develop command of children over the feelings which are hidden and controlling them. Non directive approach to play therapy was formed by Axline who gave a way to professionals through which they could treat children. The basic principles laid down by Virginia Axline revolve around non directive play therapy and how a therapist could successfully follow these guidelines. The principles basically revolve around the

In what ways does social media has improve the sell of products from Annotated Bibliography

In what ways does social media has improve the sell of products from department stores - Annotated Bibliography Example This study analyzes the psychological connection between consumers and social networks. The results of this study will provide scientific reasoning for the observations to be made by the current study. The direct impacts of online marketing techniques through social network are explored in this work. The results of this study can be used to analyze the observations on trends in retail markets made by the current research. The objective of this study is to investigate the connections between knowledge structures and retail sales performance. As social networks heavily influence the knowledge structures of the consumers, this study will support the thesis of the current research. This work has special emphasis on the impact of Social Network Advertising on Pakistani consumers. The positive influence of social networks as assumed by the hypothesis of the current study is thus

The Function Analysis System Technique Construction Essay

The Function Analysis System Technique Construction Essay I have been employed by the University of Salford as a project management consultant. The University is considering constructing a new building call Clifford Whitworth library building 2(CWLB2) This new building will be identical to the existing Clifford Whitworth Library Building (CWLB1) and will be attached to the north end of the conference centre building next to CWLB1 on an existing grassed area. The new Clifford withworth library building will be a mirror image of CWLB1 with regard to its horizontal plan and height dimensions. In this situation, the University is keen to maximise value or eliminating any unnecessary costs on any new building projects when the current economic climate is given. It also wants an environmentally sustainable building which can obtain a high BREEAM rating The picture in above show the current Clifford Whitworth Library existing building and the new proposed library building. Project brief for Task A In this Task, I have to produce a report such as value engineering analysis of the existing CWLB 1 building and identified of functional components of the building with approximate cost breakdown and 80/20 histogram, other than that, I have to analyse the 4 major components such as roof, floor and wall etc. And detail analysis in combined scoring matrix of 1 major component, with explanation and justification of criteria and alternatives. The cost plan show at the below is the cost for Clifford whitworth Library building 1 is  £ 5,417,936.52. In this project, I have use BCIS analysis 21757, 22865 and 21620 to analyze the cost of element or price per meter square for this specification material. In lieu of this I have used external quotations for a number of the elements, and Spons Architectural Price Book 2010 for the balance. The Clifford Whitworth Library building 1 project taken in BCIS which located at Greater Manchester. The cost analysis will therefore need general adjustments for inflation and location factors. Inflation can be dealt with by using a tender price . According to the BCIS for Elemental analysis number 21757 in 2002, the cost per m2 for roof is  £42.43 and the cost is  £12,134, The Tender price value show the proposed project from the BCIS is 182(1Q2002) and the current is 209(4Q2010) .The variation factors are currently 91 for Greater Manchester and 107 for the Berkshire. All these data can be obtained from BCIS. Using the above information, the cost analysis can be adjusted as follows: Updated cost analysis = cost analyisis X current tender price index/regional price tender X Greater Manchester regional index/ Berkshire regional index = 42.43 X 209/182 X 91/107 Revised Cost analysis =  £41.44 x 5381.52 m2 =  £ 223,010.19 Specification for cost plan Clifford Whitworth Library Building 1 Element Specification 1 Substructure PCC driven piles. Concrete pile caps, ground beams and 150mm slab. 2A Frame PCC columns supporting upper floor; steel/timber supporting rafters. 2B Upper floors RC upper floors on permanent formwork. 2C Roof 270m2 mono-pitched metal clad library roof; 69m2 metal clad plywood decking on timber rafters. Langley roofing to entrance (25m2). Aluminium rainwater pipes. 2D Stairs Ditto, basement to second floor 2E External walls Rendered block/block walls; larch Rainscreen cladding; double glazed aluminium curtain walling. 2F Windows and external doors Double glazed powder coated aluminium windows. Oak panelled entrance doors; aluminium louvred doors to plant room. 2G Internal walls and partitions Block and metal stud partitions. PCC walls to lift and stairs; 2No glazed timber lightwells to 1st floor. 2H Internal doors Ash veneered flush doors. 3A Wall finishes Plaster and emulsion; high level acoustic panels. 3B Floor finishes Vinyl sheet, tufted loop pile carpet and non-slip ceramic tile floorings. 3C Ceiling finishes Veneer to underside of roof panels. Plasterboard, timber and other suspended ceilings. 4 Fittings Fittings 5A Sanitary appliances White vitreous china sanitaryware; Doc M pack. 5C Disposal installations Soil and waste pipes. 5D Water installations Hot and cold water services. 5F Space heating and air treatment Gas fired low temperature hot water central heating. Air handling unit and VRV air conditioning. 5G Ventilating systems Extract ventilation to toilets and kitchen. Natural ventilation. 5H Electrical installations Electric light and power. Emergency lighting. 5J Lift and conveyor installations 10-person, 800kg; 3 stops; 0.75m/s; 5K Protective installations Lightning protection. 5L Communications installations Fire detection and alarm. CCTV, data and telephone cables; PA. 5M Special installations Rainwater harvesting; BMS. 5N Builders work in connection Builders work in connection with services. 6A Site works Excavation to reduce levels. Concrete block paviours. 6B Drainage Foul and surface water drainage. 6C External services Gas, water, electricity mains. External lighting. 7 Preliminaries 8% of remainder of Contract Sum (excluding Contingencies). 8 Contingencies 4.41% of remainder of Contract Sum (excluding Preliminaries). Histogram The Histogram for old Clifford Whitworth library building 1 show that the percentage from the element of the total cost of the building, the histogram show that the electrical installation cost the most in Clifford Withworth Library Building, they cost 9.54% of the total cost of the building, they cost  £516,787.37. External walls are ranked second in the chart, they cost 9.33% of the total cost of the building, they cost  £505,432.36. Frame is the third highest in the chart, they cost 9.29% of the total cost of the building. The Fitting and furnishings are the lowest percentage of the Clifford Withworth library building 1, they cost only 0.11% of the 100% of the building, they cost only  £6,027.30, the Disposal Installation are the second lowest in the chart, they cost only 0.20% of the building, last but not least, Gas installation are the third lowest in the chart, they cost approximately 0.21 % The 4 major components i choose is roof, external wall, framce and upper floor. Function Analysis System Technique (F.A.S.T. Diagram) in Roof Aluminium Timber Material Precast concrete Rain Protect the building Heat, sunlight Acquire medium BREEAM rating Sustainably Roof Heat insulation Cold Noise Durability Cost Life Cycle Cost According to the FAST diagram, roof most common material is Aluminium and precast concrete, Steel and timber. Most of the Roof are normally protects against the rain, other than that, the roof also can protect the sunlight or heat and wind, the rating BREEAM for Sustainably will be medium. The insulation of the Roof is they can prevent the heat, cold and the noise. F.A.S.T. Diagram in External wall Roof Support Ceiling Area Protect the building External Wall Acquire high BREEAM Building Sustainably Noise Insulation Durability Cost According to the FAST diagram, External wall use to support the Roof and ceiling, they also can protect the building area when external wall have installed. The rating BREEAM Building for the suitainably is high. They also have a advantages on the insulation, they can prevent the noise and wind F.A.S.T. Diagram in Frame Timber Reinforced concrete material Steel construction Frame Fast Good in fire resistance sustainable design easier navigation maintain According to the FAST diagram, Frame most common material is Timber, Reinforced concrete and steel, frame are very fast in construction process, they are very good in sustainable and last but not least, frame also can make the easier to navigate and the frame also can make it easier to design and maintain your site. F.A.S.T Diagram in upper floor. Timber Reinforced Concrete Material Steel Sound Insulation Upper floor Fast Construction Good in fire resistance Sustainable According to the FAST diagram, Upper floor most common material is timber, reinforced concrete and steel, Upper floor are very good insulation in Sound, the Upper floor are very fast in construction process, they are very good in fire resistance and sustainable. Combined Scoring matrix in the external wall Critiria Combined matrix A Initial Cost A2 B Maintenance Cost A4 B3 A3 C Aesthetics B2 A2 D3 B2 A3 D Insulation properties E2 B3 D2 F2 E Time for construction D2 E2 F Durability G G F E D C B A Exterior wall Alternatives Raw score ( ) ( 2 ) ( 2+2 ) ( 2+2+3 ) (0) (3+2+2+3) (2+4+3++2+3) 2 4 7 0 10 14 Analysis matrix Weight of importance (1-10) 1 3 5 1 7 10 1 Glazed curtain wall 2 3 3 4 1 1 47 2 9 15 4 7 10 3 Metal panel 2 3 3 3 1 2 56 2 9 15 3 7 20 4 Solid concrete block wall 3 2 4 2 4 3 89 3 6 20 2 28 30 According to the combined scoring matrix, we are concerned more on the cost and time instead of design in Clifford Whitworth library building 1, the combined scoring matrix show that which type of the external wall is the best choice for the new proposal building in term of the criteria matrix, In the end, the brick and block wall are the best choice for alternative to proposed the new Clifford whitworth library building with a score of 89 points. Project brief for task 2 In this report, we have to do the new proposal for the 4 components which selected in task 1 to improve the quality and cost of the building to propose the new Clifford Whitworth Library Building with explanation, structure and presentation. The 4 major components to propose the new building is roof, external wall, frame and upper floor. Roof Reinforced concrete are the best choice for the new Clifford Whitworth Library building, they are construct in the similar way as reinforced concrete floors beam and insitu cast concrete slab. Roofs are normally to support the self weight of the roof together with loading from heat, snow and rain, the roof also can prevent the wind pressure as well. The concrete roofs are normally constructed in flat roof, and library has no doubt to construct in flat roof. R.Greeno (2007) stated that The Strength for the reinforced concrete itself has compressive strength. The crushing strength of normal concrete will depend on its composition. The concrete are normally weak in tension, its strength in this respect being only one fourteenth to one eighth of its compressive strength. Wall According to the Combined scoring matrix, solid concrete block wall are the best choice to proposed the new building. A solid concrete block wall is the filled solid with concrete and lightweight concrete blocks. As different to produce a concrete wall where the wall must be created from wood and poured with concrete, then the forms have to be removed, then the concrete block wall can be constructed more fast and easier because of the material construction. The solid concrete block wall have many advantages such as the wall is very solid in sustainable, other than that, they can over a formed and poured concrete wall. When the concrete walls formed, the wooden form built from plywood have been constructed, they are always subject to misalignment, even after they have been squared and leveled, because of the flexible nature of the wood. The solid concrete block walls are good in sound insulation. which means the solid concrete block walls are suitable to construct in the library . the solid concrete block wall are good in fire resistant, which means the building not easily to get burnt. Frame Frame most common material is Timber, Reinforced concrete and steel, but steel framed are the most suitable frame structured for the new building, the designed for steel framed is the connection between the separated member treated as either non-rigid or fully rigid joints. Steel are made under factory conditions are subject to british standards. The strength of a steel frame is controlled and established during manufacture. On fire resistance, steel frame have no doubt with the fire resistance, but the still will get weaker in strength when the temperature hit 299 Celsius above. In construction process, still frame can reduced up to 50% compare to the traditional methods, in this result, steel frame can reduces cost during construction process. Steel frames can live straight, but the timber only can move and warp, twist and shrink during and after construction. This considerably reduces in progress maintenance, as there are less call backs for things like plasterboard cracking or framing popping. Steel framing can span long distances, allowing greater design flexibility. Interior walls can be placed without load-bearing considerations compared to timber framing and other framing. Upper floor Last but not least, Concrete Upper floor is my best options to propose the library because they are good in sound insulation between floor to floor, Concrete Upper floor also good in fire resistant, they can ranging for half and hour to 1 hour depend on the floor type. The concrete upper floor have a good quality, the concrete floor can be act as a thermal store which can reduce in the heating price especially the floor heating systems are used. The precast concrete floor can span longer than timber floor, the precast concrete can small span up to 4.6 m in one- way span. Referencing http://www.ehow.com/about_6522371_advantages-solid-concrete-block-wall.html

The Newport Coast Structure :: Architecture Architects Building Essays

The Newport Coast Structure The Newport Coast structure that sits on the corner of Pacific Coast Highway and Newport Coast Dr. is one of many examples of Mediterranean-inspired architecture in Southern California. The building is clearly influenced by Roman architecture and stands out among the standard Spanish-looking villas and mission-type buildings. The structure lies near one of California's wealthiest neighborhoods, Newport Beach and acts as sort of a grand entrance to Newport Coast Dr. There are two of these structures which sit on opposite sides of Newport Coast Dr., framed by only a few palm trees and evergreens. Drivers passing along Southern California's coastline can catch a quick glimpse of these impressive buildings. The Newport Coast structure is constructed of concrete and painted a light beige. Eight thick columns support the extremely large entablature-like face of the structure. As architecture in a typically conservative Orange County, the Newport Coast structure dominates its surroundings. The Newport Coast structure is clearly a representation of Roman architecture in general, but more specifically, the sturdy columns and enlarged entablatures are reminiscent of the Tuscan order. Although the simplified columns may at first glance appear to be rather doric in their style, upon closer inspection they prove to be more similar to the less renowned Tuscan order. This in fact, does not diminish the influence the doric temples of Greek architecture had on the Etruscan invention of the Tuscan temple, but rather demonstrates yet again how one culture can inspire another artistically. The Tuscan order refers to "the variation that resembles the doric order, with an unfluted shaft and a simplified base, capital, and entablature" (Stokstad, 227). Like architecture of the Tuscan order, the Newport Coast structure's entablature is very plain and geometric in its form. The Tuscan order was originally used by the Etruscans around the time of 700-509 BCE and was later adopted by the Romans. Even though the Newport Coast structure and the Tuscan temple function differently in terms of public use, for the Tuscan temple was used by the Etruscans for religious purposes, their appearances prove to be strikingly similar. Not only does the Newport Coast structure resemble architecture of the Tuscan order, it makes use of the Roman round arch as well. The round arch in the Newport Coast structure has elements that are very similar to the Roman round arch. Outlined by wedge-shaped voussoirs, it looks like a simpler, more modern version of the Arch of Constantine.

Btec Business Unit 4 P1 Essay

Types of information: Verbal †¢ Verbal communication is where somebody talks face to face with the audience and could also include eye contact and body movements, Wilberforce use verbal communication in a full range of things one example been a English teacher reading out a poem. Written †¢ Written communication is in the form of physical symbols called words. It doesn’t have to be words though, in the broader sense it could be things such as diagrams and charts. So therefore all visual or numerical representation can be included. One example of Wilberforce using written communication is information booklets about the college. Onscreen †¢ Onscreen communication is a combination of many things for example a PowerPoint, this uses a range of texts, graphics, animation and sometimes Video’s. Wilberforce use onscreen communication in presentations, usually when promoting themselves to an audience. Multi-media †¢ Multi-media are multiple forms of media incorporated together. The Media could be a range of things such as texts, audio, graphics and animation, which is just a couple of the many things media could be. So therefore multimedia could be on a webpage about Messi where there is a video clip of him and also audio in the background of the webpage. This links quite nicely with onscreen media and again Wilberforce may use this in presentations when promoting themselves to a particular target audience. Web based †¢ Web-based communication is the use of internet, this goes hand in hand with multimedia technology as it displays the many benefits of it. The internet can be used around the world and is particularly helpful as the information can be received and read wherever you want. Wilberforce may use this to try to get a sponsor to sponsor them from different countries around the world, They may send a virtual video or even a PowerPoint trying to sell themselves to the target audience Name: Tom Hall Task 1; Unit 4 Sources of information: Internal†¦. Financial †¢ Usually in great detail, relates towards a company performance. Finance could be the costs of running the business. Wilberforce would use finance in a day to day basis, they may use it to compare their profits and losses from one year to another. Human resources †¢ Human resources provide information about the employee in a business and training within the organisation. Such as the efficiency the employee is working at and the training needs and projections for future employment. Wilberforce may use this to comprehend their staff turnover per year. Marketing †¢ Marketing informs us about the results of research undertaken by a certain company. It also tells us the successful/unsuccessful previous marketing campaigns. As well as this marketing also tells us about the market the company operates within. Wilberforce use marketing by promoting themselves by sponsoring certain things such as busses or football teams. Purchasing †¢ Purchasing provides information about the current budget each sector has in a business it also manages the current stock of a business, plus the price of the stock. It also manages the human resources with. Wilberforce may use this for example the IT department deciding upon how much they can spend on computer upgrades per year. Sales †¢ The revenue of sales. Helps you decide how well a business is doing, it is also good for planning for the future. Sales information keeps track of  products or services that may have been sold at the business, this information will be helpful as they know what a good item to sell is and what will be making their money in their organisation. This isn’t used so much be Wilberforce college as a it is in the public sector, however in the canteen where food and drinks are sold, it’s important that they know what people want so they therefore know what to order what people prefer and how much to price the goods at. Manufacturing †¢ Manufacturing in business is usually used in the secondary sector. It is the making of products that the business buys from the company and sells on usually for a profit. Wilberforce ICollege are in the tertiary sector as they provide a service so they don’t technically manufacture anything buy they do use information about their students to build lessons around the students to make it easier for them. Administration †¢ Administration is the paper work side of things where information about staff salary, recruitment and annual pay are all kept in a record by the business admin. Wilberforce College have a business admin keep records on their students and staff and also work out where money should be spent and how much should be spent per quarter. External†¦ Government †¢ These are supplied by, among others, the ONS (Office of National statistics), The DTI (Department of Trade and industry) and the OECD (Organisation for economic development). Some of the key government publications include the monthly digest of statistics include the Regional trends and Labour market trends. Wilberforce College use the annual census to predict the growth of the amount of students possibly attending the college in say 4 years time, they do this by finding the population of Children around the age of 12. Trade groupings †¢ Trade groupings are groups of businesses from the same industry or marketplaces that provide a service to representatives or their industry. They can act as pressure groups to initiate positive change for their industry. They also publish trade journals, which are a very useful resource. These are published by leaders in industries for the people working in that industry. Wilberforce College are in a trade group with other colleges which can share methods of teaching to achieve the best grades possible in all colleges. Commercially provided databases †¢ Many private research organisations specialise in building up databases of people who are known to have an interest in certain products and services. There are many market research agencies where lists may be purchased by businesses that wish to target these customers via direct mail. Wilberforce College use records from local schools to attract new students that are leave school and are perhaps looking to go into further education. Reliability of data sources †¢ Whenever a business collects date sources, they need to determine how valid the information is. They always need to ask themselves whether it is accurate, relevant and truthful, and whether there is a bias. In Wilberforce College they have to check for reliability within the text books they buy for their students. Research †¢ Research is the gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge. A good business always conducts research to find out about their markets, customers and views of their staff. Wilberforce College may research various ways to enhance their teaching styles. They also may research the best methods of teaching various types of students so they can therefore get the full potential out of students. Purpose of information: Updating knowledge †¢ It is vital that businesses keep up to date with changes that are occurring within their markets. Information is required so the business know a variety of things such as, How their markets are developing, how labour markets are changing, what the economy is doing and what new laws are being passed that might affect the way they operate. All this information helps organisations to make accurate decisions based upon having full knowledge. Incorrect decisions are likely to be the result of inadequate information. This may be helpful for Wilberforce as when there is a rescission and unemployment rates are high, people are my inclined to stay in further education to boost their chances of been able to get a job. Informing future developments †¢ A business which is not quick to adapt, develop and grow will find it to be incredibly hard to keep up with competitors. But developments need to be based on informed decisions. A business will not launch a new product. And example been Wilberforce has recently offered new courses such as ‘Hair and beauty’, the reasoning behind this is that it was in very high demand. This is quick development and this therefore attracted more people to Wilberforce then previously without the Salon.

Operations Management at HOLLY FARM Essay

1. Introduction This consultancy report is prepared for Holly Farm in order to improve its future business. In the second part of this report; ‘Evaluation of Current Operations and Gillian’s Business Strategy’ and ‘Conclusion’, Holly Farm’s operations will be critically evaluated in the aspect of current and future potential capacity constraints and any other operational problems. Also, I will discuss the feasibility of Gillian Giles’ strategy for the business there. In the last part; ‘Recommendations and Action Plan’, I will show a recommended alternative strategy for the business and several solutions for alleviating its constraints. 2. Evaluation of Current Operations and Gillian’s Business Strategy 2.1 Gillian’s Aims and Objectives 2.1.1 Sales Forecast According to Gillian’s forecasts, while there will be an increase in farm shop sales by 50%, there will be a decline in retail shops sales by 13.3% in 2004 (Table 1). However, these forecasts are unlikely to come true. Firstly, its retail shops sales has increased by 75% on average of each year, and its farm shop sales has increased by 28% on average each year for the latest five years. It may be unreasonable that she dramatically changes these recent growth trends on her forecast without any factors that could impact on both channels. Secondly, since the ice cream market in the UK is mature and stable (Table 2), sudden changes of previous trend hardly happen excepting entering strong new players into the region, spoiling the farm’s reputation hugely and investing tremendously on the marketing for its farm shop. Moreover, in terms of Holly Farm’s managing on its farm visitors, this sudden change of the number of visitors could lead to collapses of its operations. These reasons discussed above clearly show that Gillian’s demand forecast is not reliable. Hence, they have to forecast in the other way. 2.1.2 Line Extension Gillian wishes to increase the number of ice cream flavours from four to ten. However, this line extension can cause the following problems. First of all, many products of relatively lower demand items would be abolished due to their expiration dates. In 1999, the Ice Cream Alliance published the date of top ten ice cream flavour in the UK in 1998 (Table 3). I can assume that, when Holly Farm produced all of these ten items, the share of each item in their products would be the same as the market shares of each flavour ice cream in the whole market. The items that total demands are less than 1,516 litres per annum, hence below the fourth position, should not be produced because it is obvious that the items would be abolished due to their expiration dates (Table 4, Calculation 1). Moreover, in the case of retail sales, the minimum annual demand for each item is 3,035 litres (Calculation 1). Secondly, also major of the raw materials would be thrown away before they are used. Since the periods that are needed raw materials to be completed to use are longer than maximum storage times allowed, even strawberry flavour for strawberry; 2nd item and chocolate flavour for chocolate; 3rd item could be abolished before being completed to use. Much more could raisins for rum and raisin; 5th, lemon sorbet for lemon sorbet; 8th, banana flavour for banana; 9th and tropical fruits for tropical fruits; 10th be (Table 5). Finally, the line extension would result in higher cost through frequent changing items and smaller amount of production than maximum production in most items. For example, when the different item from before one is produced, the production line should be carefully cleaned up beforehand in order to avoid producing different colour or flavouring ice creams from their original specifications. In fact, it takes one hour to clean the ice cream making machine between flavours in Holly Farm. This careful clean-up tends to cause higher cost and lower productivity. Furthermore, smaller amount of production will lead to higher fixed cost per production unit and, as a result, will result in higher total cost. 2.2 Capacity Constraints 2.2.1 Production Line Although it is clear that Holly Farm has a crucial capacity constraint on its production line, Gillian has hesitated to tackle this problem, as a result, has abandoned the growth strategy in spite of the recent sustainable growth trend of its annual revenue. In order to proceed the growth strategy, she should try to solve the problem. For instance, she should negotiate with its employees for the expansion of working days in a week from 4 days to 5, 6 or 7 days in the busy period. While Holly Farm groped about the probability of producing the different volumes of packages of ice cream for responding special orders for the local catering trade, I would recommend that they stop attempting to do this. Wasting a lot of ice cream, taking 2 or 3 hours to set the dispenser up and being demanded low justify my statement enough. If they continued this trial, more serious capacity constraints would be caused. 2.2.2 Milking Parlour According to this case, the number of visitors who want to see the milking parlour on a busy day in2003 was 206. However, the capacity of the gallery for watching milking parlour is 200 visitors per day (Calculation 2). It could be said that they are about going over the capacity in 2003. Moreover, Gillian wishes to increase the number of farm visitors in 2004 by 50%. The problem would grow in 2004. The problem in milking parlour is not ignorable. 33% of total revenue of Holly Farm, including paying visitor sales; 11% and entrance fee; 22%, is provided from farm visitors, and 27% of total revenue of the farm is related to its milking parlour (Table 6). This incident clearly shows that if the milking parlour made visitors dissatisfied, the revenue of the farm would decline seriously. Therefore, without any solution for the capacity constraint related to milking parlour, the farm would neither be successful nor survive in the near future. Apart from the capacity constraints, the milking parlour has queuing problems. This case mentioned that about 100 people visited the gallery from 4 pm to 5 pm on a busy day. Then I have already mentioned above that 206 people visited the gallery on a busy day (Calculation 2). Thus about half of the visitors arrived there within only one hour. As a result, a queue is made before starting the milking parlour and is not solved the queue for a while. The queuing problem easily leads to customer dissatisfactions and could result in serious decline in its total revenue as I warned above. 2.2.3 Distribution According to this case, Gillian delivers ice cream to retail customers by the delivery van once a week, and the delivery van has a capacity of 500 litres of ice cream and does not have a freezer. While the average maximum temperature in the warmest month in the UK from 1971 to 2000 was less than 20 degree centigrade (Met Office, 2003), the temperature on the van could be much than 30 degree centigrade. Moreover, attempting to deliver all ice cream for that week at once tends to lead to longer duration of delivery. As a result, melting ice cream would be accelerated. It means that these facts cause over half of corporate customer complains in 2003, which regard melting ice cream. This problem may be one major reason why Gillian forecasted that retail sales in 2004 decrease by 13.3 %. However, it is more reasonable to tackle and solve the problem in order to meet market demand than to forecast wrong in order to avoid the problem. 2.3 Other Problems 2.3.1 Raw Material Stock Control This case mentioned that Holly Farm has currently ordered raw materials on an ad hoc basis when an operative feels that the materials are required. While  it maybe true that the quantities of the raw materials the farm uses are so small that the farm hardly has any other better ways to control them properly than one an ad hoc basis, their way to deal with stocks is obviously unsuitable because companies are to have raw material stocks in order mainly to have a buffer for productions, response to unexpected larger or smaller demands and take advantage of price discounts on large order. In fact, they have had several experiences unwanted stocks and short stocks of materials and flavour. The former led to unnecessary cash outs, the later caused disruption, rescheduling of productions and re-timing of maintenance periods (Waters, 2002). 2.3.2 Inventory control of final products Holly Farm did not control its stock level of final product in 2003. As a consequence, a short stock occurred at the end of September (Figure 1). Short stock of final products is more serious than one of raw materials. While it directly causes retailers’ loss from their sales, its indirect effects are more widespread, including lost goodwill, loss of reputation and loss of potential future sales (Waters, 2002). Moreover, from January to February, there was a minus cash flow caused by overstock, hence, by overproduction (Figure 1). If the farm had not retained enough cash to supplement this negative cash flow, they would have had to raise money. However, potential cash suppliers such as banks, building societies and individual investors would not be willing to lend or give money to the farm because of the farm’s mismanagement of cash. 3. Conclusion As I discussed above, Holly farm has many problems in its operations. These problems seem to be appearing through its current remarkable growth. Holly Farm is at a turning point. Should they grow with huge investment? Should they cover up their problems with sacrificing their bright future? In the next part of this report, I will give several suggestions to their problems. 4. Recommendations and Action Plan 4.1 Business Aims and Objectives 4.1.1 Sales Forecast Since Gillian understands Holly Farm has a number of capacity constraints, she seemed to decide not to take the growth strategy but to take the profit focusing strategy, which is feasible by expanding the share of its farm shop sales in its total revenue only on the assumption that it is possible to increase in the number of its farm visitors and to accept all of the visitors. Nevertheless, neither a significant rise in the number of the farm visitors is probable, nor ignoring growth opportunities for its retail sales is reasonable. Therefore, I would like to propose to adopt the growth strategy to Holly Farm with several solutions to capacity constraints. By linear regression (Waters, 2002), the annual sales of retail shops, the farm shop and total are calculated at 93.0, 32.5 and 125.5 thousands pound, respectively (Table 1, Figure 2). In this case, both correlation coefficients of retail shop sales and farm shop sales are above 0.9500. Thus these forecasts can be said to be reliable in terms of the linear regression. However, when Holly Farm adopts this forecast, they have to mention the following things. First, the forecast by linear regression is based only on historical data. Thus it is assumed that the future trend is referred to the past one. Then, because the trend is recognised as linear one without any particular reason, if the trend were based on the different pattern such as logarithmic, exponential and moving average, the forecast could become failure. Furthermore, the forecast does not include any expertise. Therefore, it could be a vulnerable argument in terms of environmental changes. In any case, due to the risk of the forecast’s failure and the huge impact of the sales forecast on the following plan, I strongly recommend that Holly Farm and its consultants again discuss on the sales forecast of 2004 before proceeding the plan. 4.1.2 Line Extension As a result of the discussion in the section 2.1.2, I recommend Holly Farm not to expand its production line from four items in 2003 to ten items in 2004. All of the problems I mentioned, which are related to the expiration dates of final products and raw materials, can cause unexpected cost up. Besides the discussion above, the argument over whether or not they should decrease the number of items from four is also controversial because the demand of the other items than top one is still so low that keeping these items is hardly justified. However, I propose Holly Farm to keep the number of items four based on the following discussions. First, while it is no problem for Holly Farm to have only one item if they did business only on their farm shop, in order to expand their sales on retail channels, keeping several items is inevitable for the marketing reasons. Second, even when they sale ice cream on their farm shop, only one item may not be attractive for their customers. Finally, in terms of accountability of companies, it is difficult to explain why they abolished the items to their customers unless they prove keeping the items that they stopped selling is harmful for the business. By keeping the number of items at four, Holly Farm can keep the stock level of final products of each item more than 1,516 litre per annum (Table 7). Although the problems over raw materials’ stock level still remain, the solution for these items will be discussed in section4.3.1. 4.2 Capacity Constraints 4.2.1 Production Line The process line of ice cream in Holly Farm consists of batch processes, an industrial manufacturing method in which several separate serial and, or parallel operations are carried out to produce a product, in contrast to continuous process (Williams et al, 2001). Hence, the capacity of the line is limited by the one of the bottle neck process. In this case, the bottle neck process is the ageing process, a continuous freezing process in the ice  cream machine, and one batch capacity of the process is 350 litres. Moreover, the process takes 8 hours. In order to increase in the capacity, they have to make the machine bigger or to shorten the time. Nevertheless, since it is hard for Holly Farm to make any big investment, they do not have any other way than one to give up to improving capacity of the process line in a short-term. As the alternatives to increase in the annual production, there are contract-out and extension of operation days from 4 days per week to 5, 6 or 7 days per week. Because of Holly Farm’s difficulties in disclosure of its own original recipes to the counterpart due to its conservative corporate culture, the risk of rise in total cost and capacity constraints of whole ice cream manufacturers in the busy time, it would be hard for Holly Farm to contract out its ice cream production. Therefore, I propose extensions of operation days as solution for capacity constraints of the production line. 4.2.2 Milking Parlour I propose the following three solutions for the capacity constraint and queuing problems in the milking parlour. Firstly, abolishment of explanatory tape through headphones would be effective. It is obvious that the tape makes a bottle neck of a series of processes in the gallery. By replacing the tape through headphones to one not through headphone but merely broadcasted in the gallery and waiting room (Figure 3), service time per visitor would be shortened, and the capacity of the gallery could be improved. Secondly, arrangement of visiting time to the gallery would alleviate its queuing problem. For example, the farm divided the duration of the milking parlour into five; 4.30 pm – 5.00pm, 5.00pm – 5.30 pm, 5.30pm – 6.00 pm, 6.00 pm – 6.30 pm, 6.30 pm – 7.00 pm. When visitors enter to the farm, it allocates them into each time block. While there are vacancies in the time block visitors want, it is good idea that visitors choose which block they are in. Finally, queuing entertainments are effective to allay customer dissatisfactions. For instance, while visitors are in a queue, the scene of milking parlour will be broadcasted on a TV screen of the waiting room. This solution can be expected to make service time shorter at the same time to make customer dissatisfactions reduced. 4.2.3 Distribution In order to carry out growth strategy I proposed in section 4.1.1, solving problems in distribution is essential because bigger burden on distribution is inevitable for the strategy. Hence, I recommend that Holly Farm uses a delivery van equipped with a freezer of about 1,000 litres and replaces old one by it. I assume that the farm rent a VW LT35 Chiller / Freezer Van from a rental company (Figure 4). The monthly rent of the van should be considered  £1,911 as a variable cost. 4.3 Other Problems 4.3.1 Raw Material Stock Control I propose that minimum order quantities of strawberry and chocolate flavour decrease from current 1,000 ml to 400 ml, because the farm could not complete using them within their maximum storage time allowed in 2004(Table 8). While the reorder costs for these items will be charged three times as much as usual ones, the cost of the raw material that will be abolished, hence, abolishment cost can be eliminated. Even though the cost down will be almost offset by reorder charges, this action would be essential in aspect of green issues. Since Holly Farm has used relatively large amount of milk powder, box and cardboard, I recommend these raw material orders at the economic order quantities (Waters, 2002). When they assume that the farm attempted to order these raw materials at minimum order quantities in 2004, the cost down is expected to be more than 2,000 pound per annum (Table 9). In terms of the time to place orders, I propose the reorders of raw materials based on the reorder level (Waters, 2002). When calculating the reorder levels of each items, I assumed that demands can be equally divided into each day. The reorder levels of raw materials are shown in Table 10. This control method is not considered any uncertainties about consumption of raw materials, in other words, production schedule of ice cream. However, since the farm has not taken any flexible scheduling method for its production; Just-in-Time, MRP, MRPII (Waters, 2002) and so on, it is thought that there is no problem. 4.3.2 Inventory control of final products In the farm, production of ice cream has been carrying out based on a fixed schedule. Thus it is crucial to hedge the risk regarding uncertainties of future demands. Therefore, I propose the final product stock control based on the safety stock level considered standard deviation as future uncertainties (Waters, 2002). Since the uncertainties in each month are different, the levels should be varied (Table 11). I assume that the main factor that affects to ice cream demand is weather including temperature. Thus the safety stock levels of each month are calculated by standard deviations of five months including before and after each two months. This method is not as safe as periodic review approach is. However, the approach can be reasonable because the risk of unexpected change of demand was controlled below 5%. 4.4 Aggregate Planning Based on sales forecast of each month (Table 12), I made an aggregate plan for Holly Farm in 2004 (Table 13). In order to meet all forecast demand without any big investment in its production line and to eliminate unnecessary stocks, I recommend them to take the policy of chase demand production (Waters, 2002) (Figure 5). While this is not only the best policy but also only one policy for the farm at the present time due to its capacity constraints, they have to operate carefully because it can be very  difficult to organise. By taking this policy, they can keep the stock level relatively low (Figure 6). 4.5 Cash Flow Analysis Basing on an assumption that Holly Farm has to pay 50% more money for overtime works of part-time workers than usual ones, I analysed cash flow of the farm ( Figure 5 Demand and Production in 2004 Figure 6 Stock Level Control Table 14). 14% of the total cash out,  £9,958/anum out of  £91,158/anum, will be spent for extra payment for overtime in 2004. Hence, the farm should start considering expanding the capacity its production line when the sales forecast comes true. Compared with the actual cash flow in 2003 and the cash flow forecast based on Gillian’s plan in 2004, the cash flow in 2004 will be relatively allocated among each month equally. Especially, even between January and May, there will be few negative cash flows ( Figure 7). The farm’s credit during the term can be improved. In terms of cash flow during the year, although the cash flow on my proposal is less than one on Gillian’s plan, the cash position will be better than one in 2003. 4.6 Break Even Analysis The profitability on my plan is not improved from 2003 result due to an increase in the percentage of the variable cost in the annual revenue. The main reason for the decreased profitability is the serious increase in extra payment for overtimes. While the break even point on my plan drops from 2003 result, the reason is a remarkable increase in total revenue in 2004. The margin of safety to unexpected decrease in total sales would be improved. The break even point on my plan is higher than one based on Gillian’s  optimistic plan. The reason is that Gillian assumed that they can increase farm shop sales with a  £1 margin per litre of ice cream and  £2 entrance fees (Table 15, Figure 8). However, as I mentioned in section 4.1.1, her forecast is unreliable. Therefore, the farm should withstand against the unprofitability in 2004 and should keep its growth strategy. Euromonitor plc. (2003) Euromonitor market research: Ice cream in the United Kingdom. London. Met Office (2003) UK Climate and Weather Statistics: 1971 – 2000 Averages [Online]. Available from: http://www.met-office.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html [Accessed 27th December 2003]. Office for National Statistic (2003) New Earnings Survey 2003 [Online]. Available from: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=5749 [Accessed 29th December 2003]. SMV Commercials of Yeovil (2003) SMV Commercials website: Vehicle rental [Online]. Available from: http://www.smvcommercials.co.uk/code/vehiclerental.asp?vehicle=13 [Accessed 28th December 2003]. Waters, D. (2002) Operations Management: Producing Goods and Services. 2nd edition. London, Prentice Hall. Williams, T. and Rathwell, G. (2001) Glossary: Enterprise Integration and Communications Systems [Online]. Last updated on 29th May 2001. Available from: http://www.pera.net/Tools/Glossary/Enterprise_Integration/Glossary_B.html [Accessed 27th December 2003].

Blood Agglutination

Blood Agglutination Free Online Research Papers Blood agglutination simply refers to the sticking together of erythrocytes as a result of antigen-antibody interaction. Proteins on the surface of the blood cells act as antigens, while antibodies in the plasma of some other blood types act to cause these cells to stick together (www.nutralegacy.com). Clot formation is a tremendously more complex process, involving the platelets, calcium ions, and about 7 different blood proteins. Blood agglutination occurs when certain blood types are mixed; clots are the result of damage to cells, when the body attempts, through a complex process, to prevent blood loss. The process by which the body prevents blood loss is referred to as coagulation. Coagulation involves the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) that prevents further blood loss from damaged tissues, blood vessels or organs. This is a complicated process with a cellular system comprised of cells called platelets that circulate in the blood and serve to form a platelet plug over damaged vessels and a second system based upon the actions of multiple proteins (called clotting factors) that act in concert to produce a fibrin clot. These two systems work in concert to form a clot; disorders in either system can yield disorders that cause either too much or too little clotting (www.health.howstuffworks.com) References: 1. www.health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/ 2. www.nutralegacy.com/blog/tag/blood-clot-formation Research Papers on Blood AgglutinationAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Representative Bart Stupak essays

Representative Bart Stupak essays Many associate the word courage with a comic book or stereotyped Hollywood hero. A larger than life character that somehow survives great destruction, braves great peril, and works against evil often against incredible odds. Most, however, dont understand the true definition of courage is to do what one believes is right, no matter what another says or does. To stand-alone in spite of ridicule, and believe without avail in a cause. The cause does not have to be anything great, and the act of courage does not have to be a grand gesture. A single vote can change the minds of a lot of people. Congressman Bart Stupak of Michigan must understand this definition because he did just that. Despite the voiced opposition of constituents and one of the countys most powerful lobbying arms, he chose to vote for what he believed, and even though his vote ultimately did not carry the day, his voice of courage was carried further into the minds of the populace. Stupak represents Michigans Upper Peninsula in the United States House of Representatives. In the U.P., hunting is a pastime and a part of the heritage. At the start of each hunting season, entire families descend upon forests and fields to engage the chase. They head out well prepared carrying food, water, and a gun to perform the deed. But despite the inherently dangerous nature, young and old are instinctively comfortable using a gun. Children grow up with guns, and it becomes as much a part of the family as the kitchen table. They are taught from a young age to respect its awesome power, and to never abuse its indelible result. They also learn to defend their right to own the gun, believing that the Constitutions Second Amendment guarantees that right. When someone comes along to take their guns away, they naturally respond with outrage. Stupak shares this sentiment. He was raised in the Upper Peninsula and now lives in Menominee, a small city on ...

Analyse the Causes and Consequences of the Arab-Israeli war of 1967

Foreword Throughout history, the result of the regional / world war, at least politically, changed the way of the nation. War is not usually done without reasons and reasons; for reasons or for other reasons. Sometimes they struggle to expand territory, economic problems or even the existence of the country. The end result of any war will affect the country concerned, its population and the area where it occurs. This also applies to the 1967 Arab - Israel war. This document as a whole analyzes Zionism as the three main causes of the 1948 Arab - Israel War, Arab Nationalism, British foreign policy, and the conclusion of the 1948 Arab - Israel war. It is a very complex conflict with its origins dating back to the Bible era. The influence of World War I and World War II led to the British foreign policy of delivering the Palestinian Council to the United Nations. And it led to Israel's declaration of independence. This declaration caused confusion between Jews and Arabs and caused war. The outcome of this war was disastrous in shaping Middle Eastern politics to this day. Hinchcliffe pointed out that since 1982, there has been no massive military confrontation between Israel and its alabas and lack of meaningful peace continued until the end of the century ( Hinchcliffe 2001, p. 9). The 6-day war was also known as the June War or the Third Arab-Israel War, but from June 5 to 10, 1967 and the third short war in the Arab-Israel war . Israel's decisive victory included occupation of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank district, Old Town of Jerusalem, the Golan Heights, but the status of these territories subsequently became a major problem of the Arab-Israel conflict . Before the war started, Israel's retaliation costed a great deal, as Palestinian guerrilla groups led by Syria, Lebanon and Jordan increased attacks on Israel. In November 1966 Israel attacked Alsam village on the western coast of Jordan, Israel Air Force shot down six Syrian MiG fighter plane in the air battle with Syria in April 1967 when 18 people were killed and 54 people were injured did.

EUROPEAN BUSINESS- ENLARGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EUROPEAN BUSINESS- ENLARGEMENT - Essay Example education, culture and disposition), and access to banks and financial institutions. Costs of buying and selling currencies (that is, the service charges of financial institutions in providing foreign currencies to a business) is eliminated in a common market, because only one currency is used. The distorting effects of exchange rate differences are eliminated in a single market. The single currency makes trading easier, since the value of the product in a unified currency is easy to assess. When a firm invest in other countries, it becomes wary that there may be a sudden economic shock that would cause unexpected changes in the exchange rate. This is eliminated in a single-currency market. Since there is political unity in EMU, the chances of war and interruption of relations between any two countries are eliminated, making transfer of resources and business transactions between them more stable. Because of greater political and economic certainty, it would be natural for trade volume to increase and costs of transactions to be eliminated. Also, the most efficient suppliers could be sourced, further reducing costs. In the 1980s, economists determined that Germany’s inflation rates were well under control despite its rise in other countries, because the German central bank, the Bundesbank, was independent of the German Government and thus has the duty to resist reflationary pricing policies by the government. The EMU could ensure the same condition over the common market area. The needs of one part of Europe can have a negative impact on the rest of Europe. This was highlighted in the early 1990s, when the Germans struggled with the economic consequences of German reunification, introducing some instability into the system. In the case of Poland, it appears that there will be increasing stability in the country’s internal economic system with its

Marketing plan -- report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words - 1

Marketing plan -- report - Essay Example indings of the report suggest that Pakistani market appears to be an attractive market for Marks & Spencer however; company faces significant challenges and threats in this market. With the increasing orientation of companies to expand to international markets in order to explore more opportunities, the process of internationalisation is speeding up. For a company to pursue a successful international expansion strategy, adopting an effective international marketing and operation management strategy is very important. In this report, the international marketing and operation management plan of Marks and Spencer has been presented. Marks & Spencer is a British retailer and its headquarters are in London. Marks and Spencer is dealing in clothing, furniture, food and wine and flowers business. The products of the company are exclusively available on the stores of the company throughout Europe, India, China and some other countries. In this report, the clothing line of the company has been selected. Since there are a number of product lines of the company therefore, in this report the plan of establishing a store of the company in international market has been proposed. The marketing plan of Marks and Spencer to sell its clothes in Pakistan has been proposed because demand of western clothing is rapidly increasing in Pakistan and there are very few international brands such as Levi, Nike etc in Pakistan. Moreover, Marks & Spencer clothes are already available with some domestic clothing brands in Pakistan such as Cross Roads therefore, even without having any physical outlet in Pakistan, the clothing products of company are in demand. As company has already entered into Asian region by targeting India and China therefore, entering into Pakistan has been pursued as a further international expansion strategy of Marks & Spencer. In order to determine the various factors which can influence the business of Marks & Spencer in Pakistan, PESTLE analysis has been done as a

The America Story Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The America Story - Term Paper Example There are also other stories like the slave trade and it abolishment, the confrontation that existed between the Southern and the Northern States as well as the civil war of 1861-62. Moving into the nineteenth century, there are a plethora of stories about America, Their involvement in the First and Second World War and later Cold War with Russia, the civil movement in the US over discrimination led by Martin Luther and on the other front by Malcolm X (Foner and John 46). The spread of capitalism ideology to counteract the Communism spread by the Russian, there rise to World super power and the ensuing rivalry with USSR. These are just some of the stories that make part of the American story, throughout the movie reviews in our learning modules; I have considered some of the reviews to be American history by virtue of their contents. One of the movies that were reviewed had its central theme being the slavery in America, in deed, slavery is one of the stories America is widely known for, it explains the presence of the Blacks in most of the southern States of the US. During the Agrarian and industrial revolution, there were high demands for raw materials and labor to meet the escalated demands at the time. The US then engaged in slavery to obtain extra human resource that would be working in the farms and the industries, this activity continued in the US until mid of the nineteenth century when others considered it unproductive. The different views that were held in regard slavery necessitated the civil war in the US that was fought in 1862 between the Southern and the Northern States. Historically, Northerners were industrialist while the Southerners were agriculturalist; this classification made the Southerners to engage in slavery that the northerners, slaves were used in the farms as well as to run other errands that were related to agriculture, land was owned by few people while the rest were landless and had no right to own land. This meant that there was a few demand for the industrial goods that were made then, this did not augur well with the Northerners who wanted the feudal land policy to be done away with and slavery stopped in the hope that market for their products will be enhanced (Foner and John 56). From the movie review, it can be seen that Thaddeus Stevens were against the new rule that stopped slavery since it was going to hinder his progress economically, they wanted to prolong slavery, but Johnson’s plan to stop slavery could not be avoided. This move was vehemently resisted by pro slavery and sparked a fight between the Northern states and the Southern States popularly known as the civil war. Even Lincoln himself before being elected vowed not to stop slavery in the US but later while serving as the president, he saw the need to facilitate its abolishment. Like in the movie Kate Stone and her mother were almost rendered bankrupt after the war that fought slavery, they had about one fifty slave but were eventu ally left with none. It was a protracted struggle to abolish slavery and even after the abolishment, blacks were still being discriminated against and this led to the rise of civil movement in the US. Slavery and its consequences are part of the rich American story that cannot be avoided; in fact, the history of the US is not complete without talking about the slavery and the later civil movement that was witnessed in the nineteenth century. Following slavery in the US, it is interesting to note that other states did not approve it and was thus outlawed. In some cases when one moved from one state that approves slavery to the other that do not, they were forced to free the slaves. In the constitution of the US, slavery was not

Can literature tell the truth better than other arts (Theory of Essay

Can literature tell the truth better than other arts (Theory of knowledge) - Essay Example Some novels are good, some are terrible. The same can be said of other art forms as well. Many paintings are really boring to look at, others you can't stop looking at them. Perhaps it is best to compare the best of novels with the best of other arts. That way the comparison will be more fair and people can see what really happens. Literature are made up of novels and non-fiction works. A novel is very good at getting the reader inside the head of the people who are involved. For example, in the Harry Potter books, the author lets the readers know what Harry is thinking. If you compare this to the films of the books, in the films you don't know what people are thinking. But in the films you see the action better. So when you see Harry on his broomstick attacking a dragon that is better when you see it then when you read it in the book. Films show action better than novels but also are more simple. Novels are much longer and can include more details than a film. A film tends to make things simple for the audience. A novel also takes longer to read than a film takes to watch. A person can read two days today but thirty pages tomorrow. They can then leave the book for a month without reading it at all. So a book is the kind of art that you can take at your own pace. Other arts need to be seen all at once. This is especially the case with a film. You can't really watc five minutes one day, thirty the next and then leave it for a month before watching the rest. It would not seem to make sense. A painting, like a film, shows things rather than tells us about them. It is a picture rather than words. A painting just shows one thing, or set of things, while a novel can tell a whole story of a person or many different generations. The fact that the picture is simple makes it easier for the person who is looking at it to understand what is happening. A sculpture is like a picture in that it shows a particular scene, and only one. The sculpture is different than either novels or films because it is very physical in nature. Some sculptures, as long as they are not too famous, can actually be touched by a person looking at them. You cannot touch a novel or a film. A sculpture can be looked at from different angles, while a novel can only really be read in one way. If you look at a sculpture from behind it will look different from in front. But it will be the same sculpture. Is this a better view of the truth than can be found in novels In one way, yes, because it is like reale life. For example, if you meet someone for the first time you can look at them from the front or from the behind. There are different angles. This is the same with sculpture. Theatre is a bit like sculpture, except it uses real people. You actually see real people in theatre, unlike in film where they are just light on a screen. That makes it different. Different because you can tell that they are real people on the stage. Every performance will be different. A novel is always the same, as is a film. Poetry is an art that is like literature more than the other artes. This is because it uses words, like the novel. The only way a person can understand poetry is to read it. The poem is different from a novel in the fact that it is rather much shorter. You can read most poems in a few minutes. In one way this is like looking at a painting, or, to less extent, a film. Some poetry can be very difficult to read, even

Performance management and control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Performance management and control - Essay Example Every day, 8 hours are spent producing the soaps, and the producer can produce Yellow soaps at the rate of 40 per hour, and the Blue soaps at the rate of 80 per hour. Each of the Yellow soaps attracts a profit of $5 and $3 for the Blue soap. We are going to use linear programming technique to find out the number of Yellow and Blue soaps that should be produced in order to maximise the profits. 1. The selling price can be increased; however, care should be taken so this strategy does not lead reduction in sales volume. If the selling price is increased without affecting the sales volume significantly, then the contribution sales ratio is increased directly. 2. Reduction of variable costs per unit can lead to a better contribution sales ratio. This can be achieved by acquiring inputs at cheaper prices; for example by buying in large qualities in order to enjoy quantity

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Business - Essay Example This paper aims at analysing, identifying as well as evaluating the strategies that Ryanair pursues in order for it to maintain its market leadership position. The main focus will be on the strategic management practices that the airline’s management has developed and adopted over time to overcome market challenges as well as stiff competition from its closest rivals for example British Airways. Ryanair is an airline that was founded in 1985 and at its start it concentrated it travel from Waterford to London. The airline has come a long way since then and today it ranks one of the biggest carriers in Europe. The company’s growth is heavily attributed to the management’s decision from its onset to plough back its earnings in expansion programs that have reaped a great deal of benefits to date. In this regard it emerged to be the big airline it is today (Carol & Julian 2000). To elaborate further on its growth trend, the airline started operations with only one aircraft which had 15 seats. In 1986 the company added two more aircrafts and by 1987 it already had a jet aircraft that made it possible for the airline to expand on its route. The company grew rapidly from this time but in 1990 it made a massive loss due to heightened competition from British airways and Aer Lingus. This phenomenon caused the management to embark on a major restructuring exercise. This saw the airline branded as a low fares one; a stance that saw its tribulations turn round as the number of passengers increased enormously after the first low fares announcements. By 1992 passenger traffic had grown by 45 percent due to the steady policy of providing good service at low cost; this translated to 945,000 passengers (Charles & Gareth 2009). The 1990s were the years of steady growth where more and more routes in Europe has been conquered and airlines like British Airways were not in

Performance management and control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Performance management and control - Essay Example Every day, 8 hours are spent producing the soaps, and the producer can produce Yellow soaps at the rate of 40 per hour, and the Blue soaps at the rate of 80 per hour. Each of the Yellow soaps attracts a profit of $5 and $3 for the Blue soap. We are going to use linear programming technique to find out the number of Yellow and Blue soaps that should be produced in order to maximise the profits. 1. The selling price can be increased; however, care should be taken so this strategy does not lead reduction in sales volume. If the selling price is increased without affecting the sales volume significantly, then the contribution sales ratio is increased directly. 2. Reduction of variable costs per unit can lead to a better contribution sales ratio. This can be achieved by acquiring inputs at cheaper prices; for example by buying in large qualities in order to enjoy quantity

The Importance of Music Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Music Essay Music has infiltrated every aspect of our society and culture during the course of thousands of years. In ancient Greece, music where everywhere from the slums to the palaces, today is no different. Music exists everywhere in our society and culture today and does an excellent job of reflecting it. Looking through the history of music, one can learn a lot since it reflects the time in which it was produced; the hardships of the slaves in early America, the economic success of the 20’s, the worldwide conflicts and peacekeeping movements of the cold war and the difficulties and acceptance of homosexuals in the 80’s. My question is; how does music influence us on a personal and global level? Music is an excellent medium to express oneself due to the wide variety of relevant subject matters available, every person in the world will relate to at least one song one way or the other. Music can help us express how we feel when words are not enough or just won’t come to us, this can be seen in the novel ‘Perks of being a wallflower’ where the protagonist Charlie has a hard time explaining himself to the people around him. He uses music to reflect his feelings, an example of this can be the making of mix tapes that he makes to his friends to convoy a message to them or simply to give them a brief view into his mind. Music means a lot to me and I have developed a very broad musical taste over the years. I listen to music every day and use it to calm down, get hyped, and blow off steam or to simply pass time. In today’s society, music is used to regulate moods, market products and spread messages. Most people come in contact with music every day and each one of us have a unique musical taste; this makes music a billion dollar industry and a huge part of society. Throughout history, music has spread entire cultures around the globe such as punk, hippie and rap. This makes music enormously relevant in the context of globally spread subcultures. Music also reflects nationality and heritage; it can help us understand more about ourselves, our heritage as well as how others live, in different cultures even. Music is an effective and widespread medium to spread ideals and ideas, about the past, present and the future. Music is in the end something that binds us all together as a culture, ever since pre-historic tribes developed proto-instruments and chanting around the campfire, this has been the case. People can come together and share music with each other, completely different individuals can still socialize and interact due to a common musical interest, this is the case in the novel per example.  Music enables us to share and interact on a different level, music has always existed in some form, and I believe it always will. Alicia’s comments: I think Felix did a very well written essay about the importance of music. He shows that he has thought about how the music has evolved through the years and how it affects us. He explains what music means to him and what kind of symbolic importance music have to many people. He also does a comparison to the novel The perks of being a wallflower and explains what kind of importance music have in the novel and for the main character Charlie. To support his thoughts of the importance of music in â€Å"The perks of being a wallflower† even more, he could have given examples from certain situations in the novel. He could have referenced from the novel or written quotes to support his thoughts. To make a comparison I think he should have mentioned another novel or film where music is a central theme.

Independent Practice Issues And Independent Midwifery Nursing Essay

Independent Practice Issues And Independent Midwifery Nursing Essay The founder of modern nursing has rightly quoted that nursing is the care which puts the person in the best possible condition for nature to either restore or preserve health or to prevent or cure injury. Nursing has its own entity and ethics which makes it a profession. In response to the rising health needs, the need for independent nursing is the demand of the hour. This concept is readily formulated and implemented in developed countries. This has helped in meeting the consumers demand for health benefits. During the twentieth century, the nursing profession has undergone immense change. Nursing has progressed from an occupation to a fully licensed profession, with members that provide a broad range of services independently, and in a variety of professional relationships with other providers. This evolution has changed how nurses are educated, clinically prepared, and how they perceive their role. Starting with turn-of-the-century debates concerning the appropriateness of professional nursing practice, registered nurses began assessing not only their licensure status, but their roles related to other professionals. In the early years of the nursing profession, it was generally believed that nurses served and cared for their patients by assisting physicians. However, the perception of nursing often varied dramatically from its practiceThe role of the public health nurse, as it developed earlier in this century, was often independent, with nurses working with families of patients with tuberculosis or other highly contagious diseases and providing a broad range of interventions, both health- and socially-focused. Definition of independent nurse practitioner Wikipedia Definition, An independent Nurse Practitioner(INP) is a registered nurse who has completed specific advanced nursing education (generally a masters degree) and training in the diagnosis and management of common as well as complex medical conditions to provide a broad range of health care services. American Academy of Nurse Practitioners: An Independent Nurse Practitioner is referred as advanced practice nurse has a masters degree in nursing in the specialized area of her/his interest and licensed to practice in her/his state. The International Council of Nurses defines INP: A registered nurse who has acquired the expert knowledge base, complex decision-making skills and clinical competencies for expanded practice. PHILOSOPHY OF INP The core philosophy of INP is to provide individuals care to patients of all ages. Its care focuses on patients conditions as well as the effects of illness on the lives of the patients and their families. INPs make prevention, wellness and patient education priorities. This means fewer prescriptions and less expensive treatment. Informing patients of their health care and encouraging them to participate in decisions central to the care In addition to care, INPs conduct research and are often active in patient advocacy activities. Standards required for practice of midwifery Midwifery care is provided by qualified practitioner, who is registered Midwifery care occurs in a safe environment with in context of family, community and system of health care. Midwifery care supports individual rights and self determination with in boundaries of safety. Midwifery care comprises of knowledge, skills and judgment that foster the delivery of safe, satisfying and culturally competent care. Midwifery care based up to knowledge, skills and judgment which are reflected in written practice guidelines. Midwifery care is documented in format that assessable and component. Midwifery care is evaluated acc. to an established prog. For quality management that include a plan to identify and resolves problem. Midwifery practices may be extended beyond the set competences to incorporate new procedures, that improves care for women and their family. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INP Nurse practitioners have provided a healthy partnership with their patients for more than 40 years. INP role originated as one strategy to increase access to primary care. The following are brief historical background of INP. The nurse practitioner role had its inception in the mid-1960s in response to a shortage of physicians. The first NP Program was developed as a masters degree curriculum at the University of Colorados School of Nursing in 1965, founded by Loretta C. Ford, a nursing faculty member and Dr. Henry K. Silver, a pediatrician. Programs were developed across the country to provide additional education for experienced nurses to enable them to provide primary health care services to large underserved populations. The first programs were in pediatrics and they soon spread to many other health care specialties. During 1970-1971 Federal Legislation recommended Certificate Programme for nurses to deliver primary health care. Gradually certificate programme shifted to masters degree In response to health care reform in 1990s 3 INPs programmes were developed to meet the demand of primary care services. By 1994, 248 programme centres were developed for INP in US. In 1995, 49000 nurses were employed as INPs. American Academy of Nurse Practitioner in 1993 developed standard and guidelines for practice of INPs which are still followed. Today 200 universities and colleges are offering INP programme all over the world. 70,000 nurses are working as INP in US. Development of Independent nurse practitioner (Independent Nurse Midwifery Practitioner) development in India The Indian Nursing Council (INC), the parent body of the nursing councils in the country, has rolled out an initiative, which is in the early implementation stage, and has been forwarded for approval to the Union Health ministry. Independent nurse practitioners trained in midwifery has been introduced to bring down the high Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in rural areas. The National Population policy 2000 includes reduction of maternal and infant mortality as one of the socio-demographic goals to be achieved by 2010. The single most important way to reduce maternal death in India would be to ensure that a skilledhealth professional is present at every birth. Skilled care during childbirth is important because millions of women and newborns develop serious and hard to predict complications during or immediately after delivery. Skilled health professions such as doctors or nurses who have midwifery skills can recognize these complications and either treat them or refer women to health centers or hospitals immediately if more skilled care is needed. So, in order to ease the impact of the shortage of gynaecologists in community health centres, INC performed a pilot study for the Independent Nurse Practitioner Project in West Bengal at SSKM Hospitals female medical and surgical wards. The project provides an 18 months training in midwifery, besides an additional training in emergency obstetric care to candidates who have completed their BSc in nursing and have two to three years of clinical experience in ob-gyn wards to take care of ANMS in rural sector. These nurses are called independent nurse practitioners as they are trained to prescribe medicines following approved protocols and take decisions independently in absence of gynaecologists. 2 of the 4 trainees have been assigned to a CHC to manage obstetric cases. The results of the pilot study has been submitted to health ministry and the government of India is currently examining the proposal to extend this project all over India. INC is finalising a curriculum with senior obstetrics and gynaecologists for the training of independent nurse practitioner module. Explains T Dileep Kumar, president, INC, In rural areas, though a community health centre should be manned by physician, surgeon, paediatrician and gynaecologist, the community health centre is usually found facing a shortage of gynaecologists. Its in such a scenario, that the role of independent nurse practitioner gains importance, here, Auxiliary midwives are trained. Independent nurse practitioners should be regarded as a part of solution for improving quality, access and cost of care and continuing education. BASIC requirements of Independent nurse midwifery practitioner Becoming Independent nurse midwifery practitioner is one of the important challenges as it needs specialized qualification. The basic requirements are mentioned below: Basic nursing education Registered nurse Advance Nursing Certification (Master Degree in Obstetics and gynaecology nursing) Collaboration with any hospital/agencies for referral and reimbursement Areas of practice Independent nurse midwifery practitioners work in a variety of settings, including: Community Clinics and Health Centres Nurse managed centres private practices (either by themselves or together with a physician), hospitals, nursing homes, birthing centers. Womens Health Clinics Home health care agencies/Home Nursing Schools or colleges based health clinics They often provide care to underserved populations in rural areas or inner-city settings. What Independent nurse midwifery practitioner can do? Midwifery nurse practitioner is a registered professional nurse, with a current license to practice, who is prepared for advanced nursing practice by virtue of knowledge and skills obtained through a post-basic or advanced education program of study acceptable to the State Board of Nurse Examiners. She is prepared to practice in an expanded role to provide primary care to women, to well-woman related to reproductive health, conduct annual gynecological exams, provide education regarding family planning, and provide menopausal care. She provides care in a variety of settings including, but not limited to homes, hospitals, institutions, community agencies, public and private clinics, and private practice. She acts independently and/or in collaboration with other health care professionals to deliver health care services. She conducts comprehensive health assessments aimed at health promotion and disease prevention. She is capable of solo practice with clinically competent skills and are legally approved to provide a defined set of services without assistance or supervision of another professional. Midwifery practitioners are specialists in low-risk pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum. They generally strive to help women to have a healthy pregnancy and natural birth experience. They are trained to recognize and deal with deviations from the normal. Midwifery nurse practitioners are uniquely qualified to resolve unmet needs in primary health care by serving as an individuals point of first contact with the health care system. This contact provides a personalized, client-oriented, comprehensive continuum of care and integrates all other aspects of health care over a period of time. Their focus of care is on health surveillance (promotion and maintenance of wellness), but it also provides for management of complications in order to maintain continuity. Midwifery practitioners refer women to general practitioners or obstetricians when a pregnant woman requires care beyond the their area of expertise. They are trained to handle certain more difficult deliveries, including breech births, twin births and births where the baby is in a posterior position, using non-invasive techniques. Nurse-midwives work together with OB/GYN doctors. They either consult with or refer to other health care providers in cases that are outside of their experience (for example, high-risk pregnancies and pregnant women who also have a chronic disease). Many studies over the past 20 30 years have shown that nurse-midwives can manage most perinatal (including prenatal, delivery, and postpartum) care, and most of the family planning and gynecological needs of women of all ages. Nurse-midwifery practitioners have improved primary health care services for women in rural and inner-city areas. SCENARIO OF MIDWIFERY IN USA INDEPENDENT MIDWIFERY PRACTICE It is the position of the American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM) that midwifery practice is the independent management of womens health care, focusing particularly on common primary care issues, family planning and gynecologic needs of women, pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period and care of the newborn. The practice occurs within a health care system that provides for consultation, collaborative management or referral as indicated by the health status of the client. Independent midwifery enables certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) and certified midwives (CMs) to utilize knowledge, skills, judgment, and authority in the provision of primary womens health services while maintaining accountability for the management of patient care in accordance with ACNM Standards for the Practice of Midwifery. Independent practice is not defined by the place of employment, the employee-employer relationship, requirements for physician co-signature, or the method of reimbursement for services. Nor should independent be interpreted to mean alone, as there are clinical situations when any prudent practitioner would seek the assistance of another qualified practitioner. Collaboration is the process whereby health care professionals jointly manage care. The goal of collaboration is to share authority while providing quality care within each individuals professional scope of practice. Successful collaboration is a way of thinking and relating that requires knowledge, open communication, mutual respect, a commitment to providing quality care, trust and the ability to share responsibility. SCENARIO OF MIDWIFERY IN UNITED KINGDOM Independent Midwives UK represent the majority of independent midwives in the UK. The organisation is committed to improving maternity provision for all women in the UK and is working with other support, service and professional groups, including the Government, to achieve that objective. Independent Midwives UK also provides professional advice and mutual support for independent midwives. The former Independent Midwives Assosiation has recently become Independent Midwives UK, an Industrial and Provident Society. The new organisation is a Social Enterprise and with Government support, Independent Midwives UK is working towards making Independent Midwifery available to all women who are entitled to NHS maternity care. Independent Midwife Independent Midwives are fully qualified midwives who have chosen to work outside the NHS in a self employed capacity. Independent midwives fully support the principals of the NHS and are currently working to ensure that all women can access gold standard of care in the future ( LINK). The role of the midwife encompasses the care of women and babies during pregnancy, birth and the early weeks of motherhood. Qualification and regulation of midwives Midwifery is the most securely regulated profession in the UK. All practising midwives must adhere to the Midwives Rules which are enshrined in the 1902 Midwives Act of Parliament and subsequent amendments. All independent midwives have undertaken full midwifery training and are subject to annual supervisory visits and equipment checks. In line with the requirements of our regulatory body, the Nursing and Midwifery Council, we are required to ensure that our clinical practice is up to date and that our actions are within our sphere of competence. Role in emergency conditions There are very few genuine emergencies during childbirth; this is why research has shown that for most women homebirth is at least as safe if not safer than hospital birth. As the experts in childbirth, midwives are trained to recognise any early warning signs that things may not be progressing normally and to take appropriate action. If the unexpected should happen, all midwives are trained in emergency resuscitation of both mothers and babies Independent Midwives carry all the necessary emergency drugs and equipment and these are checked on a yearly basis by a supervisor of midwives. Emergency equipments Independent Midwives carry all the necessary emergency equipment to ensure that if a baby is born needing resuscitation, this can be performed. For example: oxygen, suction, bag and mask. All midwives are trained in emergency resuscitation. Independent Midwives also carry emergency drugs in case a woman is bleeding heavily. They update ourselves on a yearly basis in emergency neonatal resuscitation and many of us have attended emergency skills workshops tailored for independent midwives attending homebirths. It is a requirement that our equipment is checked on a yearly basis by a supervisor of midwives. As Independent Midwives, often working alone and mainly facilitating homebirth, we are very conscious that we need to be completely up to date with all the necessary skills should an emergency occur. Charges for services As Independent Midwives are all self-employed they are all able to choose what they charge. Independent Midwives have to cover all their own costs such as training, equipment and travel. Rates may vary in different areas of the UK; currently a complete package of care will cost you between  £2000 and  £4500 (approx). Most Iindependent Midwives will want to receive payment in full by the time you are 36 weeks pregnant but if you have genuine difficulties in paying please discuss it with your Independent Midwife as most can offer flexible payment plans. Credentials to become a midwife Becoming an independent midwife can seem a daunting challenge but many midwives have taken the leap and few regret doing so. Once a midwife has completed an approved programme of education and is registered with the Nursing and Midwifery Council, (NMC) she/he may practice where ever she/he chooses to in accordance with NMC rules. In the UK that could be in the NHS, the private sector, with an agency  or as an independent self employed midwife. If a midwife chooses to be self employed she is regulated by the NMC midwives rules and standards, and must adhere to the same statutory obligations as an employed midwife. SCENARIO OF MIDWIFERY IN AUSTRALIA Midwives in Private Practice (MIPP) For centuries midwives have worked among their communities providing care to women. Historically midwives have held a philosophy of care based on the belief that pregnancy is, basically, a healthy process and a normal part of life, growth and development. It is this belief that guides the way in which midwives in private practice work. Midwives choosing to work privately, rather than being employed by hospitals and other institutions, do so because it allows them to be flexible about the care they provide. That is, the care offered will be in partnership, directed primarily by the wishes of the women and their families. The private practitioner midwife is able to provide continuity of care to the families who have chosen to use her services. During the pregnancy, the woman and her family develop a friendly supportive relationship with their midwife (in some cases eg homebirth, the care is shared by two midwives). On the day the baby is born the midwife remains with the woman throughout the entire labour. There are no shift changes that require the midwife to leave. During the first week of the babys life the same midwife visits each day until the baby has settled into a feeding pattern and the parents feel confident in caring for their new baby. Some midwives in private practice choose to work in specific areas. For example, some may offer postnatal care, or advice with difficult breastfeeding problems (Lactation Consultants) or Maternal and Child Health (MCHN). In addition, some midwives are skilled and have qualifications in complementary areas such as acupuncture, counselling, naturopathy, chiropractic, massage or homeopathy. The range of services provided: Pre-pregnancy advice Advice about birth options Childbirth education classes Sibling preparation classes Continuous midwifery care during pregnancy Preparation for and attendance at births in an appropriate environment of the parents choice Postnatal care following birth at home, birth centre or hospital Separate postnatal care for women who want private midwifery care for this period only or who are discharged home early from hospital Lactation consultancy Acupuncture and Chiropractic Referral to and advice about other health professionals such as medical and natural health practitioners, eg obstetricians, paediatricians, GPs, chiropractors, osteopaths, naturopaths, homeopaths Some midwives have a special interest and expertise in supporting women in special areas such as vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC), breech births, water births and postnatal depression. SCENARIO OF MIDWIFERY IN INDIA Prof. Uma Handa (ex Consultant Midwife, UNICEF) has a BS and an MSc in Nursing with specialization in obstetrics and gynecology. She has worked in the field of nursing since 1974, in nursing educational institutions in both the conventional and distance system, as well as in national and international health agencies. Countries in which she has worked include Sri Lanka, UK, Bangladesh and South Africa (University of Namibia-UNAM). She has received many special awards throughout her career. Umas present goal is to promote independent midwifery practice in India to encourage mothers to go through natural childbirth and so that unnecessary medical and surgical interventions can be prevented. Organizations she is member of: Nursing Research Society of India (Founder), Trained Nurses Association of India (TNAI), White Ribbon Alliance India (WRAI), Society of Midwives, and Executive Committee member Birth India. Issues in independent nurse practice Nursing has been thought to be a part of the medical team where all professionals provide input to build the best care of the patient but now times have changed nurses have developed themselves as independent professionals with a unique body of knowledge. The nurses could not document that they hold a patients medications based on nursing judgment. Such an instance might be when a patient had hypotension from pain medication and thus the morning anti-hypertensive is held. Instead, they need an order from a physician to hold such medication. Further, something like Tylenol on a patients medication record ordered for fever could not be administered by the nurse for a headache if the patient requested it because that would be practicing medicine without a license.   A nurse cannot order a social services consult, flush a urinary catheter should it become clogged, refer a patient for diabetes education, etc., etc., without an order from the supervising physician. Although they were trained to recognize these things, they carried an independent license, sat for an examination to obtain that license, and had years of education. Perhaps nurses really could not do any of these things without a supervising physician to tell them? Physicians, are critical components of the health care team there is no doubt, but why send a nurse to school and give him/her an independent license, scope of practice, and make them answerable to a board of nursing but then limit their usefulness. In the early years of the nursing profession, it was generally believed that nurses served and cared for their patients by assisting physicians. However, the perception of nursing often varied dramatically from its practice. During wars and times of crises, nurses worked with and beside physicians conducting surgical procedures, diagnosing care, and prescribing treatments and drugs. The role of the public health nurse, as it developed earlier in this century, was often independent, with nurses working with families of patients with tuberculosis or other highly contagious diseases and providing a broad range of interventions, both health- and socially-focused. During the twentieth century, the nursing profession has undergone immense change. Nurses have developed themselves as independent professionals with a unique body of knowledge. Nursing has progressed from an occupation to a fully licensed profession, with members that provide a broad range of services independently, and in a variety of professional relationships with other providers. This evolution has changed how nurses are educated, clinically prepared, and how they perceive their role. But, there are certain issues in independent practice: Curriculum for independent nurse practitioner development: Early nurse practitioner training involved nondegree, certificate programs of one year or less. Today the nursing community strongly supports masters degree preparation for entry-level practice. Although the level of education is higher, the focus has remained the same: Nurse practitioner programs emphasize primary care, preventive medicine and patient education. However, physicians offer a different service to patients. With five years of medical education and three years of residency training, their depth of understanding of complex medical problems cannot be equaled by lesser-trained professionals. Prescriptive authority. Nurse practitioners have the authority to prescribe and can write prescriptions (including ones for controlled substances) without any physician involvement. However, some believe that there should be collaborative prescribing agreement between nurse practitioners and physicians. Public view of nursing: Many articles in nursing as early as 1928, speak to the concerns about nurses. Nice girls, dont do nursing!. If you have a strong back and weak mind, be a nurse The publics images of nurses has not essentially changed since nursings inception. In public opinion, nurses are identified as a means for decreasing the cost of health care. She is considered as a highly trained professional who is providing an alternative to the expensive primary care physician. They wonder that can she do anything that a primary care physician can do. They are reluctant to recognize nurse practitioners as primary care providers. Areas of practice: Nonphysician providers have historically thrived in settings where physicians were unavailable places they were unable or unwilling to go, It remains to be seen if independent nurse practitioners will be economically viable in areas of physician oversupply. Quality of care: Many studies show that patients have a high or very high level of satisfaction with NP Services. Regarding measurement of diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes, several studies indicate that the quality of care provided by NPs is equal to that of physicians. Cost effective care: Nurse practitioners provide a cost effective care. One study compared the costs of care for two primary care problems and found that the cost of care given by NPs was 20% less than the cost of care given by physicians. At the same time, some argue that, without ready access to supervising physicians, nurse practitioners are likely to order more tests and consultations and be quicker to admit patients to the hospital, thereby driving up health care costs. Insufficient evidence-based practice and nursing research There is a need of promotion of evidence-based practice and nursing research so that with a sound knowledge base, the nurses will be able to function more independently. Establishment of policies on the use of evidence in practice is required. Nurses with a Masters degree should be encouraged to provide evidence, read nursing research and use evidence to improve or change nursing practices. An academic atmosphere should be created in the workplace. An information system and library should be provided. Multidisciplinary research should be encouraged. At the hospital, there should be a person who is responsible for nursing research activity including fund seeking for research and building of research network. Nurse educators should develop a short-course training on evidence-base and research or to supervise research activity. Resources such as journals and books can be shared. Joint research between nurse educators and clinical staff should be encouraged to strengthen the capacity of both groups and improve education and practice. The INC can be a part of nursing research development. The INC should set nursing research priorities in collaboration with nursing and non-nursing organizations to provide research funds and promote nursing activities for policy formulation. Establishment of a nursing research information system is encouraged to monitor research work, areas of research and researchers. Dissemination of nursing research and models for best practices should be established. Need for establishment of a continuing nursing education system Continuing education is an informal study or activity to gain knowledge and learn about new technology. Lifelong education is essential for self-development, knowledge-building and learning. Continuing education stimulates nurses to keep up with new knowledge and technology, to increase their skills and competency, and to be able to contribute to the health care team. The existing continuing nursing education programmes should be strengthened or new units established. The appointment of responsible persons for continuing education activity is needed. Continuing education programmes should get approval from the INC so that nurses can develop increased competency to work independently. Need to establish a quality assurance system for the nursing service A quality assurance system comprises vision, mission, objectives, strategic and operational plans, nursing service activity, nursing manpower management, roles and responsibilities, nursing standards, nursing indicators, nursing research, nursing administration and management, resource allocation and financial support. The objective of this system will be to ensure quality care and nursing outcomes as expected by clients (less suffering, shorter duration of hospital stay, and reduction of health care costs, infection, complications and mortality), and according to professional standards. It also indicates the commitment of the care provider towards providing the best care to consumers. Successful development and implementation of the system depends on the commitment of nursing leaders, hospital administrators, mutual goal-setting, participation of all personnel in the process, continuous quality improvement and good communication. The role of the INC in regulating nursing practice should be strengthened by amending the Nursing Act to include maintaining of registration of qualified nurses, renewal of licence, and setting up a nursing service and nursing education accrediting system. If possible, a hospital QA system should have nursing as an integral part and involves nurses in a surveyor team. Thus, this will help ensure the quality of services provided by independent practitioners Lack of involvement of nurses in health and nursing policy formulation and planning There is insufficient involvement of nurses in healt