Differences of Descartes and Locke with Lockes casual theory of perce

Differences of Descartes and Locke with Locke's casual theory of perce Differences of Descartes and Locke with Locke's casual theory of perception Philosophy Part I: List at least four differences between Descartes and Locke on how we obtain knowledge. For Descartes, (1) knowledge relies completely on utter certainty. Because perception is undependable, (2) knowledge cannot come from our five senses. Descartes believes knowledge can come from experience and deduction. But for this philosopher, (3) he does not believe we gain knowledge from the outside world. Therefore it must come from within. In light to how we view things, Descartes believes that deduction ``can never be performed wrongly by an intellect which is in the least degree rational'', so deductive knowledge is (the only) certain knowledge. Such a system requires a basis of intuitively understood principles from which knowledge can be deduced. (4) He believes that there are some principles which are automatically known, just like the idea of the existence of ourselves and that of God's existence, these are principles which are ``revealed to [us] by natural light'' and ``cannot in any way be open to doubt''. In the end Descartes sees these principles as innate. On the opposite end, John Locke believes something completely different. (1) For starters, he does not believe that knowledge is certain, but that it is just is highly probable. He goes on to say that (2) knowledge comes from our fives sensations or our five senses. Those five senses come from the outside world. Locke disagrees with Descartes when he says that (3) knowledge comes from the outside world. (4) The biggest difference of belief of know we obtain knowledge is that Locke believes that we cannot have innate knowledge. Locke says that because everyone has different views of God?s existence, how is it that we were all born with some knowledge of God? These are some of the ways the two philosophers disagree on how we obtain our knowledge. Part II: Explain how Locke?s casual theory of perception works As stated above, Locke believes that we obtain knowledge through our five senses (the external world). Now I will show you how that theory works. He defines ideas as immediate results of thoughts or perception. Ideas are produced through virtue of object?s qualities. Those qualities are broken up into three types of qualities. The first type is our primary qualities. Those are primary because they are inherent. We are able to understand bulk, figure, number, and motion. Then comes in our secondary qualities. They give us the ability of understanding appearance such as color, texture, flavor, and shape. Our third type is the last piece of the puzzle. It gives us feelings we have never felt before such as pleasure &pain. When we feel something hot for the first time and it burns us, it teaches us to not do that again. That is an example of perception with our third type of quality. All of these combined give us the ability to perceive our world and show us how we obtain knowledge, better known as ?Locke?s Casual Theory of Perception?.

Annual Salaries of Top US Government Officials

Annual Salaries of Top US Government Officials Traditionally, government service has embodied a spirit of serving the American people with a degree of volunteerism. Indeed, the salaries these top government officials tend to be lower than those for private-sector executives in similar positions. For example, the $400,000 annual salary of the president of the United States reflects a great degree of â€Å"volunteerism† compared to the nearly $14 million average salary of corporate CEOs. Executive Branch President of the United States 2019: $400,0002000: $200,000 The presidents salary was increased from $200,000 to $400,000 in 2001. The presidents current salary of $400,000 has an additional $50,000 expense allowance. As commander in chief of the world’s most modern and expensive military, the president is considered the most powerful political figure in the world. Having control of a number of nuclear weapons second only to that of Russia, the president is also responsible for the health of the world’s largest economy and the development and application of U.S. domestic and foreign policy.   The salary of the president of the United States is set by Congress, and as required by Article II, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, may not be changed during the president’s term in office. There is no mechanism to automatically adjust the presidents salary; Congress must pass legislation authorizing it. Since legislation enacted in 1949, the president also gets a non-taxable $50,000 annual expense account for official purposes. Since enactment of the Former Presidents Act of 1958, former presidents have received a lifetime annual pension and other benefits including staff and office allowances, travel expenses, Secret Service protection and more. Can Presidents Refuse the Salary? America’s Founding Fathers never intended for presidents to become wealthy as a result of their service. Indeed, the first presidential salary of $25,000 was a compromise solution reached with delegates to the Constitutional Convention who argued that the president should not be paid or compensated in any way. Over the years, however, some presidents who were independently wealthy when elected have chosen to reject their salaries. When he took office in 2017, 45th President Donald Trump joined first President George Washington in vowing not to accept the presidential salary. However, neither of them could actually do that. Article II of the Constitution- through its use of the word â€Å"shall†- requires that the president must be paid: The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. In 1789, Congress decided that the president did not get to choose whether to accept the salary. As an alternative, President Trump agreed to keep $1 of his salary. Since then, he has carried through on his promise by donating his $100,000 quarterly salary payments to various federal agencies, including the National Parks Service and Department of Education. Prior to Trump’s gesture, Presidents John F. Kennedy and Herbert Hoover donated their salaries to various charities and social causes. Vice President of the United States 2019: $235,1002000: $181,400 The vice presidents salary is decided separately from that of the president. Unlike the president, the vice president gets the automatic cost of living adjustment given to other federal employees as set annually by Congress. The vice president gets the same retirement benefits as those paid to other federal employees under the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Cabinet Secretaries 2019: $210,7002010: $199,700 The salaries of the secretaries of the 15 federal departments that comprise the  President’s Cabinet  are set annually by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) and Congress. The cabinet secretaries- as well as the White House chief of staff, Environmental Protection Agency’s administrator, the director of the Office of Management and Budget, the U.N. ambassador and the U.S. trade representative- are all paid the same base salary. As of fiscal year 2019, all of these officials were paid $210,700 per year.   Legislative Branch - US Congress Rank-and-File Senators and Representatives 2019: $174,0002000: $141,300 Speaker of the House 2019: $223,5002000: $181,400 House and Senate Majority and Minority Leaders 2019: $193,4002000: $156,900 For purposes of compensation, the 435 members of Congress–Senators and Representatives–are treated like other federal employees and are paid according to the Executive and Senior Executive pay schedules administered by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM). The OPM pay schedules for all federal employees are set annually by Congress. Since 2009, Congress has voted not to accept the annual automatic cost of living raise paid to federal employees. Even if Congress as a whole were to decide to accept the annual raise, individual members are free to turn it down. Many myths surround the retirement benefits of Congress. However, just like other federal employees, members of Congress elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System. Those elected prior to 1984 are covered by terms of the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). Judicial Branch Chief Justice of the United States 2019: $267,0002000: $181,400 Associate Justices of the Supreme Court 2019: $255,3002000: $173,600   District Judges 2019 $210,900 Circuit Judges 2019 $223,700 Like the members of Congress, federal judges–including Supreme Court justices–are paid according to the OPM’s Executive and Senior Executive pay schedules. In addition, federal judges get the same annual cost of living adjustment given to other federal employees. Under Article III of the Constitution, the compensation of the Supreme Court justices â€Å"shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.† However, the salaries of lower federal judges may be adjusted without direct constitutional constraints. The retirement benefits of Supreme Court justices are indeed â€Å"supreme.† Retired justices are entitled to a lifetime pension equal to their highest full salary. In order to qualify for a full pension, retiring justices must have served for a minimum of 10 years provided the sum of the justices age and years of Supreme Court service totals 80.