Immigrants' Food Traditions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Outsiders' Food Traditions - Research Paper Example As we stroll over a general store in America we understand the effect of immigrants’ food in the United States. The residents of the USA have effortlessly acclimated to Mexican food propensities. This has expanded the accessibility of a wide scope of cooking styles in American food today. Food speaks to the way of life of a nation. Mexican foods are essentially straightforward they are anything but difficult to cook. As it is modest and delicious Mexican food is generally acknowledged by Americans. At the point when Americans allude to Mexican food they ordinarily talk about â€Å"Tex-Mex cooking, an amazingly famous food that traverses the long outskirt between the United States and Mexico. The food of the south western US province of New Mexico and the dishes of huge numbers of the Native American people groups of the southwestern US, utilize comparable dish names to numerous Tex †Mex and some Mexican dishes, however utilize various flavorings and cooking techniquesâ⠂¬  (Essman para 1). Tex-Max nourishments are made fiery with the utilization of chilies, pepper, garlic, onion and different flavors. â€Å"Beans are an essential starch, alongside the flatbread, wheat or corn based, known as tortillas. The corn chip, the tortilla chip, and the interesting tomato plunge known as salsa are all Tex-Max innovations, better known in bars and easygoing eateries in Minneapolis, Seattle, or Chicago than they are in Mexico City or Guadalajara. Some other run of the mill Tex-Mex top picks include† (Essman para 5). ... It turned out to be broadly well known among adolescents in 1970s. â€Å"The unique Tex-Mex half and half started with a blend of European Spanish and the Native-American cook methods of the district. At the point when various families from the Canary Islands relocated to San Antonio in 1731, they brought a preference for Spanish and North African flavors like cumin and cilantro that would vary from those that would get famous in metropolitan Mexico. A few scholars accept that Tex-Mex bean stew is a relative of the Moroccan stews that are still today moderate cooked in the particular tangine mud oven† (Essman para 3). â€Å"Tex-Mex portrays an extraordinary American food tradition† (Essman para 1). Tex-Max food assortments are well known, and they are effectively accessible in United States. It could be depicted as a run of the mill food which is predominant and ethnic in its quality. It has been coordinated with the standard eating luxuries of America. Americans have p resented some new cooking styles in the customary Mexican food. â€Å"American variations of Mexican cooking additionally include huge amounts of cheddar, either destroyed or softened, to about each dish, a training uncommon in Mexico itself. A similar substantial hand applies to the American utilization of sauces of numerous types. North of the fringe partitions are bigger, plates packed with dishes that will in general run one into the other. In Mexico, the delicate corn tortilla plays out the capacity that bread on the table acts in the United States; it is a side starch. In the United States, tortillas, frequently singed up to a condition of firmness, become a fixing in about each dish† (Essman para 3). Some Mexican dishes are served in an alternate style in the United States. Dishes like â€Å"enchiladas, tacos, and tamales are cooked and served differently† (Essman para 2). Mexican food has

Can You Retake AP Exams Expert Guide

Would you be able to Retake AP Exams Expert Guide SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Most AP tests are testing, and scores don't generally turn out the manner in which you envisioned they would. In case you're worried that you've relinquished any opportunity of getting school credit, would you be able to retake an AP exam?In this article, I'll give you how you can ricochet once more from a low AP score to wind up with school credits and AP Scholar Awards. Would you be able to Retake AP Exams If You Do Poorly? For one thing, would you be able to retake an AP test? The appropriate response is yes! On the off chance that you don’t excel on an AP test, you can retake it whenever it’s offered the next May. In any case, you ought to consider this choice cautiously before committing.If you score a 3 or above on an AP test, I wouldn’t suggest going for a retake except if you’re totally set on acquiring school credit for your work. Eventually, your AP score will have negligible effect on your affirmation chances except if you’re applying to the most particular schools with 1s and 2s. As indicated by theCollege Board FAQ, When we studied affirmation officials, in excess of 75 percent demonstrated that a low score on an AP Exam would NOT hurt an applicant’s confirmation prospects(emphasis mine).In different words, the evaluation you acquire in the year-long AP class is a higher priority than areyour AP score for confirmations purposes. Retaking AP tests is costly; it will cost you an extra $94!It's likewise a really big time duty to take on extra concentrating on a full course load. Truly consider whether it's justified, despite all the trouble before you choose your choice. On the off chance that you despite everything feel sure that you need to retake the test, address your school’s AP Coordinator about registering.You cansign up through your school, much the same as you did the first occasion when you stepped through the examination, with the exception of now your educator won't help you through the procedure. It’s totally dependent upon you to find the organizer and make courses of action to step through the exam. On the off chance that you need to retake an AP test, you gotta shed the preparation haggles your young lady bicycle over to the direction office. In the event that you truly need to intrigue them, ride a unicycle. Do Both AP Scores Show Up? Which One Counts for AP Scholar Awards? Your score report will incorporate all your AP scores (counting rehashes of a similar test) except if you decide to retain or drop scores.The distinction among retaining and dropping scores is that when you drop your score, it is forever erased, as though you never at any point took the test.There is no charge for dropping a score. Here's theScore Cancellation Formyou would need to send to the College Board. Then again, on the off chance that you decide to retain your AP score, it won’t be seen by universities, yet it will remain on record in the event that you need to send it later.It costs $10 per score to retain scores from schools that you initially demonstrated on your answer sheet.Here’s theScore Withholding Formyou’d need to send to the College Board. The cutoff time for both retention and dropping AP scores for tests you took is June 15.If you miss the cutoff time, every one of your scores will be sent to the schools you showed on your answer sheet. On the off chance that you decide to retake an AP test, just your most noteworthy score will tally toward AP Scholar Awards, regardless of whether you don’t drop or retain your lower score.That implies you don’t need to stress over your underlying score destroying your odds at turning into an AP researcher in the event that you show enhancement for your subsequent attempt. Never dread, you can at present become a researcher with a sweet whiskers regardless of whether you get a low AP score the first run through around. Study Tips for Retaking AP Exams Here are a couple of significant hints to remember as you plan to retake an AP test. To be effective in improving your score, you'll have to survey your shortcomings basically and concentrate deliberately. #1: Understand Where You Went Wrong Last Time Your essential objective is to abstain from rehashing the slip-ups you made on your first AP test.Think concerning why you did ineffectively and what you can do to forestall those traps this time.Did you stand by too long to even consider starting contemplating? Did you take informal practice tests that gave you a ridiculous thought of the test’s substance or trouble level? Did you depend totally on your group to help you through the test and discover your insight lacking?Whatever the case might be, do some reflection to make sense of how you can fix these issues and reclaim your score a second time around. You should seriously think about coaching in the event that you figure you did inadequately in light of the fact that the subject overall was not your solid point or your educator didn't work admirably of clarifying the material.You could even solicit one from your companions who excelled on the test to offer you some considering guidance or mentor you on ideas you’re experiencing difficulty acing all alone. #2: Get a High-Quality Review Book In the event that you’re going to retake an AP test, you won’t be simply wrapping up a time of examining the subject in class. Thus, notes and study materials probably won't be as promptly accessible to you, and it will be more diligently to structure your time without an educator and class timetable to control you. You ought to get an audit book that covers all the ideas in the course completely with the goal that you have a simple method to examine content, plan out your time, and do rehearse questions.Think of it as a lighter rendition of self-studying.Usually, Barron’s books are a decent alternative for additional top to bottom reviews of AP courses. #3: Start Studying Early One of your issues the first run through around might have been that you wound up holding up until the last moment to study.Cramming is a poorly conceived notion for AP testssince they spread so much data and anticipate that you should address addresses that require significant level basic reasoning. You won't help yourself by skimming the surface. Begin learning in any event two or three months before you take the test.Ideally, you should audit ideas consistently so your memory remains new and you have the opportunity to address whatever issues you had with the material initially. You ought to likewise step through a lot of training exams so you can monitor your exhibition and ensure you're improving. Be the timely riser. Get out there and catch your AP worm. Outline: Can You Retake AP Exams? You can decide to retake an AP test when it’s offered again the accompanying year.If you truly need school credit or are worried about how a low score will look on your application, you should seriously mull over this alternative. Accepting you retake an AP test and improve score, that score will be the one that checks toward AP Scholar awards.You can even decide to retain or drop your lower score on the off chance that you don’t need it to appear on your record. Taking an AP test a subsequent time is a costly responsibility, so you should put forth sure you put some genuine attempt into reading for it.Try to gain from whatever issues you had the first run through around, and abstain from packing or bypassing content zones you don’t very comprehend. What's Next? Preferably, you'll get a high score on your test the first run through around. To ensure that occurs, read our five-advance arrangement specifying the most ideal approach to read for AP tests. Practice tests are excessively significant while getting ready for AP tests. Get familiar with where to locate the best AP practice tests to use in your considering. It may be hard to take new AP classes on getting ready for a retake. Discover what number of AP classes you should take in secondary school and whether it's justified, despite all the trouble to stack up your calendar. Need to improve your SAT score by 160 or your ACT score by 4 points?We've composed a guide for each test about the best 5 techniques you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point:

Peek Over Our Shoulders What Rioters Are Reading On October 20, 2014

Peek Over Our Shoulders What Rioters Are Reading On October 20, 2014 In this  feature at Book Riot, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading  this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in  literally  today). This is what’s on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). See a Rioter who is reading your favorite book? I’ve included the link that will take you to their author archives (meaning, that magical place that organizes what they’ve written for the site). Gird your loins â€" this list combined with all of those archived posts will make your TBR list EXPLODE. Then again, that might be just what the doctor ordered for summer weekend plans. Enjoy! We’ve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what you’re reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Amanda Nelson Born Confused  by Tanuja Desai Hidier: Rioter Swapna suggested it in a recent post about excellent South Asian YA, so I downloaded it immediately from the library. (library ebook) Almost Famous Women by Megan Mayhew Bergman (Jan. 2015, Scribner): Mayhew Bergman wrote on of my favorite short story collections,  Birds of a Lesser Paradise, so I picked this up as soon as the publisher sent it to me and am rationing myself on a story per night. (ARC) Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me (and Other Concerns) by Mindy Kaling: I just finished a 30 hour audiobook about the life of John Adams and wanted my next audio to be short, funny, and not about a dead white dude. This fits the bill and is hilarious! (audiobook, Audible) All the Pretty Horses by Cormac McCarthy: because Cormac McCarthy. (paperback, purchased) Swapna Krishna The Underground Girls of Kabul: In Search of a Hidden Resistance in Afghanistan by Jenny Nordberg: a publicist I trust told me it was one of her favorite books of the year. (Paperback galley) The Accidental Apprentice by Vikas Swarup: South Asian fiction FTW! (Paperback galley) The Republic of Imagination by Azar Nafisi: Because it’s a new Azar Nafisi (Paperback galley) Cubed: A Secret History of the Workplace by Nikil Saval: Because I love nonfiction on audio (Audiobook) Lila by Marilynne Robinson Nothing better than a new novel by one of my favorite authors, and this one doesn’t disappoint. (Hardcover, via publisher) Kim Ukura Lives in Ruins: Archaeologists and the Seductive Lure of Human Rubble by Marilyn Johnson â€" I love books about crazy careers. Johnson’s jump-right-in approach to this subject is, so far, delightful. (Galley) Jessica Woodbury The Descendants by Kaui Hart Hemmings Audible sales are my friend, so far very different from the movie but has the same vibe of kooky and sad. (Audiobook) The Door by Magda Szabo One of my favorite publishers is NYRB Classics- I always get to broaden my literary horizons when they re-issue something. This is a Hungarian author I’ve never heard of and so far I’m really sucked in. (E-Galley) Dana Staves Salvage the Bones by Jesmyn Ward. Been wanting to read her books since I read a piece in PW on her. Starting with one of her novels before I move on to Men We Reaped. (Paperback, purchased) Rebecca Joines Schinsky How We Got to Now: Six Innovations That Made the Modern World by Steven Johnson I love his mix of science, culture, and history and have been eagerly awaiting this one (ebook, purchased) EH Kern Dracula by Bram Stoker: I’ve read a lot of vampire books and watched more vampire movies than I can count. But until now I’ve never read the classic novel that started it all. (Paperback) Christy Childers Ultimate Spider-man by Brian Michael Bendis: Spider-man is my favorite Marvel superhero, so when I heard raves about this one on the Oh, Comics! Podcast, it went straight to the top of my library list. (Hardcover, library) A Path Appears by Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn: Because I can never get enough of social justice. (Hardcover, library) Aram Mrjoian The Savage Detectives by Roberto Bolano: I’ve been hearing good things about this book for ages. Had to pick it up when I found it at Unabridged Books for $4. (paperback) Under the Net by Iris Murdoch: Rereading several portions of Murdoch’s first novel for a critical essay I am submitting as part of my grad school application. (paperback) James Crossley The Novel: A Biography by Michael Schmidt: Being a historical survey of the novel that emphasizes what actual novelists think about each other, I figured this would be more interesting than most academic books. And I was right. Note: said historical survey is not written by the Hall of Fame third baseman from the Phillies. That would be even more awesome. (Hardcover) Rachel Manwill On Immunity: An Inoculation by Eula Biss: Another great piece of non-fiction this one about vaccines and our fear of them coming from Graywolf Press. How could I resist? (Paper Galley) Ruby by Cynthia Bone: I was looking for a good audiobook and this was a recommendation from my mom. (Audiobook) Cassandra Neace Kafka on the Shore by Haruki Murakami:  After experiencing my first Murakami on audio, I asked for suggestions on a good, safe print title to try out. This is where they lead me. (Paperback) Authority by Jeff Vandermeer: I’ve been dying to read the second book in the Southern Reach trilogy since I listened to the first on a long car trip, but I’ve been trying to pace myself, to savor every minute. (Audiobook) Eric Smith Lock In by John Scalzi: I feel like I’m a bit of a poser when it comes to my love of John Scalzi’s books. I was first introduced to him by Redshirts, his incredible, award-winning sci-fi romp through a very Star Trek-esque universe. After that, I finally scoped out Old Man’s War and yeah. That was it. I was sold.  His latest book with Tor is incredible so far, imagining a world where people suffer from “lock in”, a syndrome where they are locked in their bodies, unable to move, but totally aware of what’s happening. Only a small number of the population are affected, but it has serious ripples through society. FBI agents are called in to investigate a crime involving a locked-in individual, and things get pretty crazy. I’ll end up finishing this in the next few days. (Hardcover, Purchased at Comic Con) Strong Female Character (Brennan Lee Mulligan Molly Ostertag): I was SO EXCITED to find out the amazing webcomic Strong Female Character was going to be collected in a book from Topshelf Comics. The synopsis? A superhero quits fighting crime to go to college, and we follow her adventures. (Finished Advance, Purchased at Comic Con) Pen Ink (Isaac Fitzgerald Wendy MacNaughton): A collection of beautifully illustrated tattoos with accompanying essays? I couldn’t resist, especially when a number of the people featured are authors and musicians. Definitely wonderful so far, it’ll be a permanent coffee table book in my house. Johann Thorsson Snow Angels by Barry Napier: A self-published novella that tells the story of Winn, an alcoholic who gets a phone call from a stranger claiming to have his wife, and then says he knows something about the death of Winn’s son years before. Winn is understandably shaken and sets off to look for his wife. Mysterious and with sinister undertones, the closest comparison I can find is to the early novels of Stephen King. Peter Damien The Three by Sarah Lotz: a horror novel that Cassandra Neace sent me a signed copy of, about survivors from airline crashes and mysterious dark forces. Early days, but I’m enjoying it. (hardcover) Under the Black Flag by David Cordingly: re-reading this, my most favorite nonfiction book all about pirates. I’ve gushed about it elsewhere and am enjoying revisiting it a great deal. (paperback) Aquarium by David Vann: a book about a young girl and an old man who become friends through visits to Seattle aquarium. I’m told it twists and gets darker later, but again: early days. Easy reading, very charming, and I love it. (digital ARC) Rah Carter Gothic Tales by Elizabeth Gaskell: Collections of stories written in the 19th Century that are described on the book’s cover as being “chilling” and “eerie”, are irresistable. (paperback) Sarah McCarry The Dead Girl by Melanie Thernstrom: I stumbled across the Pharos Editions reissue of this formerly out-of-print 1990 bestseller and haven’t put it down since I bought it; it’s a haunting and brutal examination of friendship, love, and death that totally upends and redefines the idea of nonfiction. Brenna Clarke Gray In the Skin of a Lion by Michael Ondaatje: A refresher for teaching this week; easily Ondaatje’s best work. (Paperback) Sherlock Holmes: A Study in Scarlet by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: Also for teaching this week, this one for my fandom class and yes, we’re watching the Sherlock episode. (Paperback) Emily Gatlin Miss Hazel and the Rosa Parks League by Jonathan Odell: Loved Odell’s The Healing, and his new book set in pre-Civil Rights Mississippi is another winner. (paper galley) Old Money, Old Secrets by Kyle Cornelius: Recent Ole Miss grad’s first book, and since everything is coming up Mississippi this week… (paperback) Derek Attig Art Schooled by Jamie Coe: Why would you ever not want to be reading a gorgeous book from Nobrow? (paper galley) Alison Peters Another Man’s Moccasins by Craig Johnson. Last week I ran out of Walt Longmire mysteries. I’d personally depleted the used bookstore and my local library was all loaned out. My wife stepped in and bought the rest of the series for me, thus ensuring that these are the only books on my reading list through the end of October. This one is like The Two Towers in that it’s definitely a middle book, setting the stage for further drama. Still totally engrossing. As for  Me… To the Nines by Janet Evanovich. Lately Ive been in a reading slump, and when its really bad, Evanovich is the only thing that brings me out of it. Luckily she has plenty of books! Usually it only takes one for me to get going again, so Im able to save her series for these particular moments, but the books are funny and fun and enjoyable enough to blast straight through the series if youre in the mood. (Mass Market Paperback) ____________________ Expand your literary horizons with New Books!, a weekly newsletter spotlighting 3-5 exciting new releases, hand-picked by our very own Liberty Hardy. Sign up now!   Save

Figurative vs. Literal Language

Learning to make meaning when figurative language is used can be a difficult concept for learning disabled students. Students with disabilities, especially those with language delays, become easily confused when figurative language is used. Figurative language or figures of speech is very abstract for children. Put simply to a child: figurative language doesnt mean exactly what it says. Unfortunately, many students take figurative language literally. The next time you say—this briefcase weighs a ton, they might just think that it does and come away with a belief that a ton is something close to the weight of a suitcase. Figurative Speech Comes in Many Forms Simile (comparisons often with as or like): as smooth as silk, as fast as the wind, quick like a lightning bolt.Metaphor (implicit comparison without like or as): Youre such an airhead. Its bursting with flavor.Hyperbole (exaggerating statement): In order to get my assignment done, Ill have to burn the midnight oil.Personification (giving something a human quality): The sun smiled down on me. The leaves danced in the wind. As a teacher, take time to teach the meanings of figurative language. Let the students brainstorm possible sayings for figurative language. Take a look at the list below and have students brainstorm a context for which the phrases could be used. For instance: when I want to use Bells and whistles I could be rererring to the new computer I just bought which has, lots of memory, a dvd burner, an amazing video card, a wireless keyboard and a mouse. Therefore I could say My new computer has all the bells and whistles. Use the list below, or let students brainstorm a list of figures of speech. Let them identify what the possible meanings of the phrases could be. Figures of Speech Phrases At the drop of a hatAxe to grindBack to square oneBells and whistlesBed of rosesBurn the midnight oilClean sweepChew the fatCold feetCoast is clearDown in the dumpsEars are burningForty winksFull of beans Give me a breakGive my right armIn a nutshell/pickleIn the bagIts greek to meFinal strawLet the cat out of the bagLong shotMums the wordOn the ballOut on a limbPass the buckPay through the noseRead between the linesSaved by the bellSpill the beansTake a rain checkThrough the grapevineTrue colorsUnder the weatherUp my sleeveUpset the apple cartWalking on eggshells

Qualities Of A Successful Leadership Style - 845 Words

1. As a Senior Leader it is essential that I continue to refine and develop a successful leadership style. Over the years, I have had the opportunity to serve numerous exceptional leaders off and on throughout my career. I have taken the opportunity to capture admirable traits from all of these leaders. I have used these traits to mold my leadership philosophy. I will continue to strengthen and refine the leadership behaviors noted in reference (a) utilizing the Coast Guard s Leadership Competencies. The primary traits that form my definition of leadership include many components, but start with pride, passion, character, communication, dedication, integrity, optimism, honesty, and the component that ties them all together is accountability. These are all just traits that have to be tied together and used in all actions in order to be a successful leader. Leadership should encourage the success of others through guidance, passion, praise and accountability to accomplish a common goal . 2. Challenging the process is an area that requires improvement in my leadership style. Challenging people and myself to experiment with new and innovative ways to do their work is hard to focus on when faced with deadlines and the possibility of failure. I have come to the realization that I have always reflected on my prior experiences at previous units to inspire change, but that is not what creates innovation or change. So I must look to others outside my office, my unit, and myShow MoreRelatedQualities Of A Successful Leadership Style850 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelop a successful leadership style. Over the years, I have had the opportunity to serve numerous exceptional leaders off and on throughout my career. I have taken the opportunity to capture admirable traits from all of these leaders. I have used these traits to mold my leadership philosophy. I will continue to strengthen and refine the leadership behaviors noted in reference (a) utilizing the Coast Guard s Leadership Com petencies. The primary traits that form my definition of leadership includeRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Leadership Style1088 Words   |  5 PagesConsider what leadership or management style speaks most to you. Discuss that particular style, explain why it fits you better than others. Alternatively, consider the leadership or management style fits you least. Explain what is least desirable with that style from your perspective. What leadership or management style speaks most to me? They are a few leadership styles that I venerate. The Transformational Leadership, the Visionary Leadership, and the Charismatic Leadership styles are the mostRead MoreHigh School Water Polo Coaches1206 Words   |  5 Pagesin their respective sports have similar or different leadership qualities that help them to lead their teams to win multiple championships. However, there is little to no research on high school level sports. For this study, the researcher will focus on high school water polo. The goals of this research project is to help fill that void and to identify whether or not experienced high school water polo coaches have similar leadership qualities. The first objective will be to determine if experiencedRead MoreWhat Makes A Successful Nurse Leader?1624 Words   |  7 Pagesit take to become a successful nurse leader? Many people have different ideas on what makes a leader successful. The professional nurse leader is someone who is looked up to and admired. Most nurses are leaders already without even knowing it. With the proper preparation and guidance, all nurses have the potential to be great leaders and managers. Manager vs. leader The terms manager and leader are often used interchangeably, but in reality they possess very different qualities. It can be said thatRead MoreThe Nine Leadership Styles The Following Styles1195 Words   |  5 PagesUpon review of the nine leadership styles the following styles: ______ mostly closely mirror my personal perspective. Each of these leadership philosophies has its own distinct advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, each is congruent with what I believe is necessary to craft the ideal leader. Through the combined usage of these styles I strive to emulate the wholesomeness of leadership as I am continuously exposed to the nuances experienced by leaders. Furthermore, they are in unison with theRead MoreLearning And Recognizing My Leadership Style1117 Words   |  5 PagesRecognizing My Leadership Style Nurses play vital roles in health care organizations. How they are managed by their leaders can drastically affect their performance and influence patient outcomes. It is very important to understand the different leadership styles that are often found in the workplace, as well as their effects on the staff and those under their care. I will be discussing three very common leadership styles practiced and identified by most leaders today. Leadership is a processRead MorePersonal Leadership And Philosophy Style1574 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Leadership and Philosophy Style Four years ago I wrote my first â€Å"Personal Philosophy of Leadership† paper. The personal leadership style I identified with, at that time, was the democratic style. I had chosen this style of leadership because of the teamwork, constructive criticism, motivation, good communication, dedication, and good attitude attributes of the democratic style. Four years later, being present time, I have learned and experienced a great deal more about leadership styles. IRead MoreLeadership Style : Participatory Leadership Styles1207 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Style: Participatory My style of leadership is participative. Participative leaders utilize collaboration and receive feedback from employees to guide decision making. Employees often feel that they have a significant role in the decision making process, which motivates them and can lead to greater job satisfaction. Participatory leaders acknowledge that there is information to be gained by engaging with their employees. This style of leadership is useful in cases when quality is valuedRead MoreLeadership Theories1065 Words   |  5 PagesLEADERSHIP THEORIES. 1. Great Man Theories: Have you ever heard someone described as born to lead? According to this point of view, great leaders are simply born with the necessary internal characteristics such as charisma, confidence, intelligence, and social skills that make them natural-born leaders. Great man theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent – that great leaders are born, not made. These theories often portray great leaders as heroic, mythic and destined toRead MoreLeadership Is A Good Leader And A Group1630 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is a process that occurs between a leader and another individual; between the leader and a group. Or between a leader and an organization, on a community, or a society; and that influences others, often by inspiring enlivening, and engaging others to participate in the achievement of goals. Leadership is a subtle art and skill. It is based on inherent qualities of the individual and developed over time, through life events and experiences that range from significant to life altering. Leadership

Should we adopt the Euro Free Essays

In recent years there has been much debate as to whether the benefits outweigh the costs of adopting the Euro currency. This argument, often a fierce and personal one, has covered the front pages of newspapers for a very long time, and continues to rage on today. But what are the arguments, and should we really join the Euro? Let us start off with the benefits of joining the Euro. We will write a custom essay sample on Should we adopt the Euro? or any similar topic only for you Order Now One large benefit would be the ease of which one would be able to check different prices across Europe due to one, single and only currency. This would mean that a great deal of time spent on checking, and comparing different prices in different countries with different currencies, would be a lot shorter. So, as a result, international trade and purchasing would be much easier and more time could be spent elsewhere. Another great benefit of the adoption of the Euro is the greater competition that it would induce in the market; the pressure to lower inflation and increase productivity would lead to the need for more innovation in the markets, thus creating a healthier and an ever-growing economy. This would mean that the chance of falling into a recession would be lower, employment would be higher, and incomes would as well. A third benefit is the encouragement of foreign companies to invest in the Eurozone. In due course, more money would be pumped into the economies of Europe and therefore generally Europe would be richer, especially the countries that adopted the Euro. Finally, joining the Eurozone would cause Britain to join a large group of countries that could, when working together, play a large role on the stage of world politics, with the voices of smaller countries in the Euro able to have a say on various topics. On the other hand, there are some strong arguments against joining the Euro. A rather surprisingly popular, if a little stupid, reason put forward is patriotic one – the centuries-old tradition of having the monarch’s face on bank notes and coins would be ridden of if the country were to join the Euro, replaced with less patriotic images of Europe. This view is, quite unsurprisingly, not held with very high regard among those for joining the Eurozone. Another argument against adopting the currency was the 20% devaluation of the pound sterling in 2008-10, resulting in not such a bad recession. It was possible that if the UK had been in the Euro at the time, the general economic situation would be a great deal worse than it already is. A third argument against joining the Euro the problem of one Eurozone country’s economy failing resulting in more damage to the other countries that use the Euro. This means that if a small country’s economy failed, then the effects on other Eurozone countries would be greater due to the reliance on other countries in the Euro. In conclusion, I feel that, while the patriotic argument is quite weak, there isn’t much use in joining the Euro, especially when its present situation is so bad considering the recession we find ourselves in. Perhaps, though, in a few years the UK may adopt this single currency, and instead of asking what the costs and benefits are, we must ask ourselves: â€Å"will it last? â€Å" How to cite Should we adopt the Euro?, Papers

Relationship between parents and children free essay sample

The most important for society which is becoming a very common problem in homes is where teens live â€Å"free teen issues. Having autonomy means being able to do what you think you should do for themselves. Are autonomous if we establish a relationship between our actions and the effects they produce. Many people, both young parents confuse liberty with license. Freedom is doing what you want but responsibly, taking into account and assuming the consequences that could bring such acts, and debauchery is debauchery, is unlimited freedom, a freedom he handled irresponsibly. â€Å"The own freedom ends where the freedom of others invade†. I mean parents because many of them believe that teenagers are the bosses in the house but the reality is that many young people do not have the maturity to cope with such responsibilities. The dialogue is essential to the growth stage (pre-adolescence and adolescence) in which he clarifies doubts, anxieties, among others element. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between parents and children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When they mature, the preteen is usually more responsible, more demanding of himself, better planned activities and is sensitive to corrections and cannot get to endure injustice. Freedom leads to a degree of maturity in adolescence but not completely achieved, reaches sexual maturity but not psychological, a child is considered to 11 years as a child and teenager called children of 12-14 years because they were no longer children but are not considered adults. Maturity is reached when self-sufficient, having lived different stages, when they understand the meaning of life, when acting in a manner as expressed Accompanying parents or a responsible adult in preadolescence and adolescence stage is essential for young people, since education they (adolescents) receive will be reflected in the behavior, attitudes, and decisions and how they see the life of each person to form. A good education is the foundation for young people to be outstanding in all aspects of life and not become rebels without a cause. In the French film Friends directed by Oliver Nakache and Eric Toledano it can be seen that the brother of one of the protagonists (Omar Sky) is a rebellious teenage boy who lacks affection and authority by his mother and father and this led him to find a way to fill the void that this created in him by the vice of buying and selling drugs, became a kleptomaniac so that in this way the feel in one way or another self â€Å". This film shows that without the company of a young adult can take any direction, the same direction that they see fit is right even though this is not. For this reason it is important at this stage parents do their role, should have a balance between trust and authority, that the child has the confidence to tell things but not leaving the paper. We should not give absolute freedom because they are going to want to be self-sufficient soon, but not deny it? Freedom could be on merit, for example, if the child is taking good notes, why not give him a permit to do accompaniment, meet your friends, but not involved in their friendships. With good parenting principles that provide the child choose their friends know. To know how to handle freedom, it is necessary for parents, from small teach children values such as responsibility, respect and instilling strong principles that in various situations that arise in life, never lose their goal and always keep in mind where they came from. Freedom is a privilege that must be earned based on the confidence of those who provide it, parents must believe in their children, so they will feel comfortable, have a good relationship.

Differences of Descartes and Locke with Lockes casual theory of perce

Differences of Descartes and Locke with Locke's casual theory of perce Differences of Descartes and Locke with Locke's casual theory of perception Philosophy Part I: List at least four differences between Descartes and Locke on how we obtain knowledge. For Descartes, (1) knowledge relies completely on utter certainty. Because perception is undependable, (2) knowledge cannot come from our five senses. Descartes believes knowledge can come from experience and deduction. But for this philosopher, (3) he does not believe we gain knowledge from the outside world. Therefore it must come from within. In light to how we view things, Descartes believes that deduction ``can never be performed wrongly by an intellect which is in the least degree rational'', so deductive knowledge is (the only) certain knowledge. Such a system requires a basis of intuitively understood principles from which knowledge can be deduced. (4) He believes that there are some principles which are automatically known, just like the idea of the existence of ourselves and that of God's existence, these are principles which are ``revealed to [us] by natural light'' and ``cannot in any way be open to doubt''. In the end Descartes sees these principles as innate. On the opposite end, John Locke believes something completely different. (1) For starters, he does not believe that knowledge is certain, but that it is just is highly probable. He goes on to say that (2) knowledge comes from our fives sensations or our five senses. Those five senses come from the outside world. Locke disagrees with Descartes when he says that (3) knowledge comes from the outside world. (4) The biggest difference of belief of know we obtain knowledge is that Locke believes that we cannot have innate knowledge. Locke says that because everyone has different views of God?s existence, how is it that we were all born with some knowledge of God? These are some of the ways the two philosophers disagree on how we obtain our knowledge. Part II: Explain how Locke?s casual theory of perception works As stated above, Locke believes that we obtain knowledge through our five senses (the external world). Now I will show you how that theory works. He defines ideas as immediate results of thoughts or perception. Ideas are produced through virtue of object?s qualities. Those qualities are broken up into three types of qualities. The first type is our primary qualities. Those are primary because they are inherent. We are able to understand bulk, figure, number, and motion. Then comes in our secondary qualities. They give us the ability of understanding appearance such as color, texture, flavor, and shape. Our third type is the last piece of the puzzle. It gives us feelings we have never felt before such as pleasure &pain. When we feel something hot for the first time and it burns us, it teaches us to not do that again. That is an example of perception with our third type of quality. All of these combined give us the ability to perceive our world and show us how we obtain knowledge, better known as ?Locke?s Casual Theory of Perception?.

Annual Salaries of Top US Government Officials

Annual Salaries of Top US Government Officials Traditionally, government service has embodied a spirit of serving the American people with a degree of volunteerism. Indeed, the salaries these top government officials tend to be lower than those for private-sector executives in similar positions. For example, the $400,000 annual salary of the president of the United States reflects a great degree of â€Å"volunteerism† compared to the nearly $14 million average salary of corporate CEOs. Executive Branch President of the United States 2019: $400,0002000: $200,000 The presidents salary was increased from $200,000 to $400,000 in 2001. The presidents current salary of $400,000 has an additional $50,000 expense allowance. As commander in chief of the world’s most modern and expensive military, the president is considered the most powerful political figure in the world. Having control of a number of nuclear weapons second only to that of Russia, the president is also responsible for the health of the world’s largest economy and the development and application of U.S. domestic and foreign policy.   The salary of the president of the United States is set by Congress, and as required by Article II, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, may not be changed during the president’s term in office. There is no mechanism to automatically adjust the presidents salary; Congress must pass legislation authorizing it. Since legislation enacted in 1949, the president also gets a non-taxable $50,000 annual expense account for official purposes. Since enactment of the Former Presidents Act of 1958, former presidents have received a lifetime annual pension and other benefits including staff and office allowances, travel expenses, Secret Service protection and more. Can Presidents Refuse the Salary? America’s Founding Fathers never intended for presidents to become wealthy as a result of their service. Indeed, the first presidential salary of $25,000 was a compromise solution reached with delegates to the Constitutional Convention who argued that the president should not be paid or compensated in any way. Over the years, however, some presidents who were independently wealthy when elected have chosen to reject their salaries. When he took office in 2017, 45th President Donald Trump joined first President George Washington in vowing not to accept the presidential salary. However, neither of them could actually do that. Article II of the Constitution- through its use of the word â€Å"shall†- requires that the president must be paid: The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. In 1789, Congress decided that the president did not get to choose whether to accept the salary. As an alternative, President Trump agreed to keep $1 of his salary. Since then, he has carried through on his promise by donating his $100,000 quarterly salary payments to various federal agencies, including the National Parks Service and Department of Education. Prior to Trump’s gesture, Presidents John F. Kennedy and Herbert Hoover donated their salaries to various charities and social causes. Vice President of the United States 2019: $235,1002000: $181,400 The vice presidents salary is decided separately from that of the president. Unlike the president, the vice president gets the automatic cost of living adjustment given to other federal employees as set annually by Congress. The vice president gets the same retirement benefits as those paid to other federal employees under the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Cabinet Secretaries 2019: $210,7002010: $199,700 The salaries of the secretaries of the 15 federal departments that comprise the  President’s Cabinet  are set annually by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) and Congress. The cabinet secretaries- as well as the White House chief of staff, Environmental Protection Agency’s administrator, the director of the Office of Management and Budget, the U.N. ambassador and the U.S. trade representative- are all paid the same base salary. As of fiscal year 2019, all of these officials were paid $210,700 per year.   Legislative Branch - US Congress Rank-and-File Senators and Representatives 2019: $174,0002000: $141,300 Speaker of the House 2019: $223,5002000: $181,400 House and Senate Majority and Minority Leaders 2019: $193,4002000: $156,900 For purposes of compensation, the 435 members of Congress–Senators and Representatives–are treated like other federal employees and are paid according to the Executive and Senior Executive pay schedules administered by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM). The OPM pay schedules for all federal employees are set annually by Congress. Since 2009, Congress has voted not to accept the annual automatic cost of living raise paid to federal employees. Even if Congress as a whole were to decide to accept the annual raise, individual members are free to turn it down. Many myths surround the retirement benefits of Congress. However, just like other federal employees, members of Congress elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System. Those elected prior to 1984 are covered by terms of the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). Judicial Branch Chief Justice of the United States 2019: $267,0002000: $181,400 Associate Justices of the Supreme Court 2019: $255,3002000: $173,600   District Judges 2019 $210,900 Circuit Judges 2019 $223,700 Like the members of Congress, federal judges–including Supreme Court justices–are paid according to the OPM’s Executive and Senior Executive pay schedules. In addition, federal judges get the same annual cost of living adjustment given to other federal employees. Under Article III of the Constitution, the compensation of the Supreme Court justices â€Å"shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.† However, the salaries of lower federal judges may be adjusted without direct constitutional constraints. The retirement benefits of Supreme Court justices are indeed â€Å"supreme.† Retired justices are entitled to a lifetime pension equal to their highest full salary. In order to qualify for a full pension, retiring justices must have served for a minimum of 10 years provided the sum of the justices age and years of Supreme Court service totals 80.

Self Esteem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self Esteem - Essay Example erefore, it plays an important role in motivation, work-related attitudes and behaviors of employees that due to such experience can consider themselves experts in certain area. There is also an organization-based self-esteem, which is related to the extent of employees to be satisfied with one’s job, commitment to the organization and in-role performance. While at workplace self-esteem is associated with the self-efficacy of a specific task, its main principle is that individuals are more likely to do and succeed in those activities for which they have higher self-efficacy than others  (Lunenberg, 2011). People are more successful in accomplishment of those tasks which align with their initial beliefs, thus, self-esteem aims to work as the self-fulfillment. Besides, in such a fast-paced and technologically oriented society, there is a considerable positive impact of self-esteem that enables careerists to compete (Andersen & Vandehey, 2011). As the employee makes a statement that one is the best Java programmer at certain company, that means that an individual possesses specialized expertise that is unknown to that extent to other employees and to the boss. In that case, the self-esteem of all the members of the work culture would perceive the best Java programmer as another unit that has special set of abilities and experiences. Hi gh levels of self-esteem that is needed to all employees create more beneficial economical predispositions for the company, while the defensive reactions of employees of low self-esteem can damage as own careers as negatively impact company’s performance. Underestimating own abilities create professional and personal envy toward others; employees with low self-esteem criticize others as they feel certain threat that come from the new ideas and more contributions of the confident co-worker. On the contrary, those with high self-esteem employees are able to promote honest feedback for workers regarding areas that need improvement and

Both obsessive-compulsive disorder and post traumatic stress disorder Essay

Both obsessive-compulsive disorder and post traumatic stress disorder are linked under the umbrella of anxiety disorders. What a - Essay Example OCD is characterized by repetitive obsessions with a particular kind of phenomenon. One of the aspects of this disorder is through the use of rituals. For example, someone who is OCD about bacteria might was their hands an obsessive amount of times in order to make sure they have gotten rid of the bacteria. It is the fourth most commonly diagnosed psychological disorder. There is strong evidence to support that this condition not only has environmental and behavioral triggers, but also that there is a biological component involved in the neurochemistry of behavior. The most common forms of treatment for this disorder is through the use of behavioral therapy in which a therapist tries to make the ritualistic behavior, obsessions and compulsions extinct through classical and operant conditioning. Also, in some cases psychopharmacology is used in order to help supplement the counseling therapy. PTSD is a condition which often is the result of some sort of traumatic incident in a personà ¢â‚¬â„¢s life. This can range anywhere from military combat to sexual abuse.

Information Technology In The Tourism Government

Information Technology In The Tourism Government Involving information and communication technology on a range of modern methods and techniques used to simplify a particular activity and lifting tool, a group gathered the necessary equipment to process information and circulation of computers and software and hardware for saving and retrieving and electronic transport across wired and wireless means of communication in all its forms and different kinds: written, audio and video, which enables two-way communication and teamwork and provide transmission of the message from the sender to the recipient; through closed networks and open; and globalization has allowed information and communication technology to benefit from services a four-Twenty hours (24 h / 7 days), from any point on earth, especially with the spread of electronic financial settlement of transactions on Line. Nowadays technology involves every aspects of life. One of these aspects is tourism. People who work in tourism sector use technology to execute their work. Technology helps to distribute information about different places for tourism. Tourists can gain information from the internet and know the accurate things to decide the best places to visit. Technology makes the work easier related to the tourists need like hiring cars, getting rooms and tickets. It becomes very easy register your information online. Tourists will have more time to enjoy themselves because their information has been already registered online. Tourism use technology to make records about their usual customers to know their favorite food, places and activities to attract them to come again. Briefly this issue will discuss the concept of Information technology in tourism industry and will cover those main points: Concept of information technology. E-Government. Information Technology and Tourism. E-Tourism. The importance of e-tourism and its impact on national economy. Tourism applications. Government internet website Information Technology? Information technology mean possessed the manufacture and storage and dissemination of information by a microelectronics-based computing and communications. When we say Information technology that means, computer programming, internet, computer engineering, and technician and so on. All of that make big change in tourism industry so; the government should use this technology to be number one in this sector. E-Government: The common definition of e-government as a network of computer systems that enable public access to a large number of government services and transactions automated, online or through other electronic letters . The intellectual and political content of the e-government, and historical and cultural context that led to it. The concept e-government integrated mean the effective use of all information and communication technologies in order to facilitate the daily administrative operations of the government sectors. We can say in light of the foregoing that the electronic government in terms of the concept is: the environment where it is information be for all by easy way IT and Tourism: Because the tourism industry is rapidly changing and evolving. It was necessary to use information technology to keep pace with the evolution in the world and is noted on this basis that the tourism market has been affected a lot of this technology over recent years has been known an exponential growth in e-tourism Through the Internet. The countries which used the e-government and considering tourism as one of main economic recourse faces to use technology in this sector and this helped to appearance of the concept of E-Tourism. E-Tourism: Appeared a few years ago the concept of e-tourism, and dealt with many international organizations of different applications and their impact on increasing tourism growth, especially in least developed countries, which constitute the tourism revenues, a large proportion of GDP. Has contributed to further spread the concept and applications of various factors such as high proportion of the contribution of e-tourism in the total international e-commerce, and the resulting integration of this concept in the institutional structures of the bodies involved in tourism from the reduction in the cost of tourism services provided and thus prices, and the development of tourist product submitted in the development of new touristic activities consistent with the different segments of tourists, as well as increasing the competitiveness of tourism enterprises, and the consequent increase in the value added of the tourism sector in the national economy. We can say the e-tourism is Pattern of tourist transactions are executed through the use of information and communication technology. The importance of e-tourism and its impact on national economy The importance of e-tourism, which provided huge benefits for both providers of tourism services for tourists or tourists themselves , which contribute to overcome traditional barriers in the typical tourist transactions, and most important of these benefits : 1. Facilitate the provision of information, which depends on tourism industry. When we use the technology it is will be easy to get information about tourism destination. 2. Reduce the cost of tourism services provided. Because the services provided online with lees price and time . 3. Ease of product development, tourism and the emergence of new tourism activities in accordance with the different segments of tourists. That happen when we use the technology to know what tourists need and what his her opinion about certain destination. 4. Increase the competitiveness of tourism enterprises. That depends for how we use the Information technology in our work . All of that helped to increase the benefit of tourism in national income so; the use of information technology is strategic choice and necessary. Tourism applications: Before tock about tourism applications in IT sector we should know who use the IT. In general we can divide them to four groups which are: Tourists:, Travel agents. Service providers.. Tourism offices. In tourism we use information technology in airlines, hotels, car rent, Tourism offices and travel agencies. The government use information technology in several way s for example, marketing research, promotional plan and exchange the information between the countries and so on. Also the government use computers, Mobil phones, and satellites to control and administration the staff and the process in easy ways. Government Internet Website It is the biggest and useful part of information technology and the government use it to promotional the country and market it in good ways. This website provides all information for all and it easy to access and get what you want about the country so, that will be increase the number of visitor. Moreover the government uses the internet to provide direct services like, reservation, tickets and other things. Conclusion: In conclusion, I can say the information technology effect the tourism industry in different ways and change day by day. Also the exact impacts are far from clear, the future of e-tourism. In the end of this report we can see the important of information technology in tourism sector and who it is affect it. In my opinion the information technology becomes the important issue and I have the right to say no live without information technology.

Unexpected Inflation

Unexpected In? ation and Redistribution of Wealth in Canada Cesaire A. Meh, Canadian Economic Analysis, and Yaz Terajima, Financial Stability One of the most important arguments in favour of price stability is that unexpected in? ation generates changes in the distribution of income and wealth among different economic agents. These redistributions occur because many loans in the economy are speci? ed in ? xed-dollar terms. Unexpected in? ation redistributes wealth from creditors to debtors by reducing the real value of nominal assets and liabilities. This article quanti? es the redistributional effects of unexpected in? ation in Canada.To this end, we ? rst provide comprehensive evidence of the nominal assets and liabilities of various economic sectors and household groups. We ? nd that the redistributional effects of unexpected in? ation are large even for episodes of low in? ation. The main winners are young, middleincome households, who are major holders of ? xed-rate mortgage deb t, and the government, since in? ation reduces the real burden of their debt for both groups. The losers are high-income households and middle-aged, middle-income households that hold long-term bonds and nonindexed pension wealth. T here is ongoing research on potential re? ements to monetary policy regimes in countries with low and stable in? ation. In Canada, for example, a systematic review of the current in? ationtargeting framework is underway (see the other articles in this issue). An issue that has received relatively less attention is the redistributional effects of unexpected in? ation. 1 Redistributional effects occur because many savings, investments, and loans in the economy are speci? ed in money terms (i. e. , not adjusted for in? ation); unexpected in? ation therefore redistributes wealth from lenders to borrowers by lowering the real value of nominal assets and liabilities. The analysis of these effects may be important since the welfare costs of in? ation depend not only on aggregate effects but also on potential redistributional consequences. Our calculations show that, even with an episode of low in? ation, the redistribution can be sizable. While this is a wealth transfer from one agent in the economy to another, a sense of who wins and who loses is essential in order to assess transitional costs and potential public support for reform. The goal of this article is to provide insight into the redistributional effects of in? tion in Canada. The article is a summary of the recent research of Meh and Terajima (2008). 3 The article proceeds as follows. The ? rst section documents nominal assets and liabilities (i. e. , ? nancial assets and liabilities that are denominated in Canadian dollars and not fully indexed to in? ation) held by different economic sectors and 1 2 . 3 In this article, we focus on in? ation that is either unexpected or partially unexpected. If in? ation were completely expected, the change in the real value of the nominal cl aim would be incorporated in the contract.Hence, there would not be any redistribution. On the other hand, lower-than-expected in? ation redistributes wealth from borrowers to lenders. Meh and Terajima (2008) build on Doepke and Schneider (2006) who document nominal assets and liabilities in the United States and develop a methodology to compute the redistribution of wealth caused by in? ation. UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009 43 household groups, while the second part describes the methodology used to compute the redistribution of wealth induced by unexpected in? ation.Using this methodology and the documented nominal positions, the third section quantitatively assesses the redistribution of wealth under episodes of low and moderate in? ation. The ? nal part of the article concludes. Nominal Assets and Liabilities Unexpected in? ation generates redistributions because most ? nancial assets and liabilities are speci? ed in money terms. For example, payments on ? xedrate mortgage contracts, bank deposits, non-indexed de? ned-bene? t pension plans,4 government and corporate bonds, and other types of loans are generally not adjusted for unexpected in? ation.Hence, when in? ation is high, the value of these assets and liabilities falls in terms of purchasing power, since the prices of other goods and services go up with in? ation, but payments on these ? nancial claims are ? xed. The extent of the changes in the purchasing power of ? nancial assets and liabilities also depends on the term to maturity, as we will show later on. In this section, we document Canadian holdings by type and maturity in various categories of assets and liabilities. Speci? cally, we look at asset and liability positions for three sectors: household, government, and non-residents. We also consider different groups of households. The objective is to show that, among these different groups of agents, holdings of nominal assets and liabilities differ in both qualitatively and quantitatively important ways. Given that these differences exist, there is potential for redistribution among them following in? ation shocks. (SFS). The NBSA documents the ownership of ? nancial and non-? nancial assets and liabilities by sector. We use the NBSA to compute the net asset and liability positions of the household, government, and foreign sectors.The SFS is a household survey data set on income and wealth. We use the 2005 wave (the latest available), involving about 5,000 households, with weights to produce Canadian aggregates. It provides a comprehensive picture of assets and liabilities. For the sake of consistency, we use the 2005 NBSA and focus our analyses on the year 2005. Categories of nominal assets and liabilities Following Doepke and Schneider (2006), nominal assets and liabilities are de? ned as all ? nancial claims that are denominated in Canadian dollars and not fully indexed to in? ation.We report net nominal positions (i. e. , assets minus liabilities) in four categories, de? ned as follows:6 †¢ Short-term – ? nancial assets and liabilities with a term to maturity less than or equal to one year (e. g. , domestic currency, bank deposits, consumer credit, and short-term paper) †¢ Mortgages – all mortgage claims †¢ Bonds – non-mortgage and non-pension nominal claims with maturity greater than one year, including government and corporate bonds and bank loans †¢ Pensions – employer pension plans without provisions for indexing bene? ts to the cost of living, including both de? ed-contribution plans and non-indexed de? ned-bene? t plans7 We distinguish among these categories because they differ in maturity structure. Differences in maturity will emerge as a key factor in assessing the extent of potential redistribution. Unexpected in? ation generates redistributions because most ? nancial assets and liabilities are speci? ed in money terms. Sect oral positions Data We use two main data sets, both provided by Statistics Canada: the National Balance Sheet Accounts (NBSA) and the Survey of Financial Security 4 5 Non-indexed de? ned-bene? pension plans are those where retirees receive ? xed payments not adjusted for in? ation. Since all businesses are owned by their shareholders, we allocate business sector portfolios across the three sectors, based on each sector’s equity holdings. Table 1 shows net positions in each category, as well as the overall net nominal position (NNP) for each sector. Positions are expressed relative to gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005. Positive numbers indicate net lending; negative numbers, net borrowing. 6 7 For more details, see Meh and Terajima (2008). Another type of plan is the indexed de? ed-bene? t plan. These plans are treated as real assets, since in? ation will not affect them. 44 UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009 We obs erve that households are the main net nominal lenders overall, with NNP at 40. 14 per cent of GDP. The government sector, at about 43 per cent of GDP, is the main counterparty borrowing from households. The foreign sector has a positive but small NNP of 2. 85 per cent of GDP. Households tend to lend through short-term claims, bonds, and pensions, and borrow through mortgages.The government sector borrows mainly through bonds; it also borrows through short-term claims and pensions. 8 The non-resident sector lends in mortgages and bonds and owes in pensions. 9 These observations suggest that households are the likely losers of unexpected in? ation, since it lowers the purchasing power of their lending (i. e. , savings). Table 1: Net Nominal Positions as a Percentage of GDP Sectors Short-term claims Mortgages Bonds Pensions NNP Households 12. 25 -11. 94 22. 14 17. 69 40. 14 Government -7. 60 3. 19 -29. 67 -8. 91 -42. 99 Non-residents -4. 65 8. 75 7. 53 -8. 79 2. 85Table 2: Nominal Posi tions as a Percentage of Net Worth by Age Age Cohort Under 36 36–45 Short-term claims Mortgages Bonds Pensions NNP 4. 83 -37. 95 -2. 63 -0. 05 -35. 80 -1. 01 -13. 57 4. 70 -1. 31 -11. 19 46–55 1. 48 0. 07 6. 50 5. 01 13. 06 56–65 2. 40 4. 48 7. 90 7. 36 22. 14 66–75 9. 00 3. 55 6. 70 8. 68 27. 93 Over 75 12. 27 3. 29 7. 68 8. 65 31. 89 Household groups We now look at the household sector in more detail, using the SFS data set. We examine three classes (low-income, middle-income, and high-income) and six age groups (under 36, 36–45, 46–55, 56–65, 66–75, and over 75) to observe differences within the sector. 0 Table 2 presents the overall positions for each age group as a percentage of the group’s net worth. We observe that the NNP increases with age, implying that households shift from being net borrowers to net lenders as they get older. Most of the borrowing of the young is from mortgages. With age, more lending (i. e. , saving) is observed in pensions and in liquid short-term claims. This implies that young households will gain from unexpected in? ation while older households will lose. Qualitatively, these patterns generally hold across different income classes, although with different magnitudes.Table 3 shows the positions of the three income classes, with the long-term category combining mortgages, bonds, and pensions. 11 The general pattern of â€Å"borrowing more when young and lending more with age† holds across different income classes. We observe, however, that levels of borrowing relative to their net worth among young middle-income and low-income households are relatively larger than they are for high-income households, mainly because the portfolios of low-income and middle-income households are concentrated in residential real estate (mortgages). This implies that while the young generally bene? from in? ation, bene? ts are likely concentrated among low-income and middleincome h ouseholds. Table 3: Nominal Positions as a Percentage of Net Worth by Age and Income Class Age Cohort Under 36 36–45 High-income Short-term claims Long-term claims Medium-income Short-term claims 5. 83 2. 24 -28. 71 4. 39 7. 01 5. 49 20. 55 9. 07 20. 29 14. 91 18. 97 3. 86 -6. 52 -3. 73 5. 89 -1. 97 18. 40 -2. 36 19. 89 8. 48 19. 03 8. 56 21. 26 46–55 56–65 66–75 Over 75 Long-term claims -95. 27 Low-income Short-term claims 18. 90 Long-term claims -71. 01 -0. 06 -27. 07 5. 04 -8. 30 13. 84 6. 89 12. 58 1. 7 10. 96 12. 79 8 The government sector is a borrower in pensions as it holds liabilities from employer pension plans to its employees. 9 The borrowing in pensions by the non-resident sector indirectly re? ects the pension liabilities of the business sector. As previously mentioned, we allocate business sector portfolios across the three sectors, based on each sector’s equity holdings. 10 The classes are de? ned based on a mix of income and wealth . For simplicity, we use the terms low-income, middle-income, and high-income to refer to each class. See Meh and Terajima (2008) for the details. 1 The distribution of households as well as that of net worth by age group and income class is shown in Meh and Terajima (2008). UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009 45 How In? ation Causes Redistribution Given the observed differences in nominal positions among households, government, and non-residents, unexpected in? ation should induce redistributions of real wealth. But how do we begin to identify the pattern and quantify the extent of the redistributions? The size of wealth redistribution depends on how economic agents adjust their expectations to in? tion surprises. We follow Doepke and Schneider (2006) by considering two scenarios that provide upper and lower bounds on the redistribution of wealth. The upper bound is captured by a â€Å"full-surprise† scenario (hereaft er FS). In this scenario, during several years of experiencing in? ation shocks, agents do not anticipate that shocks will continue in subsequent periods; nominal interest rates remain unchanged and the in? ation shock lowers the real value of nominal positions each period, regardless of the duration of these positions. Wealth redistribution from in? tion The goal of this section is to use the nominal positions documented above, combined with the methodology just described, to estimate the redistribution of wealth for an in? ation episode. Historically, in? ation episodes with different magnitudes lasting for extended periods have occurred. For example, between 2000 and 2004, the average in? ation rate in Canada was generally higher than the in? ation target rate of two per cent. To illustrate the in? ation-induced redistribution of wealth, we will consider a hypothetical in? ation episode that lasts ? e years with an in? ation shock of one per cent, starting in the benchmark year 2 005. 12 Redistribution across sectors Table 4 summarizes the sectoral present-value gains and losses induced by an in? ation episode with one per cent shocks that continue for ? ve years, beginning in 2005, under the FS and IA in? ation scenarios. Table 4: Redistribution of Wealth across Sectors as a Percentage of GDP, with a One Per Cent In? ation Shock Lasting Five Years Households Sectors Net Full-surprise scenario -1. 95 -1. 26 Gains 12. 53 7. 61 Losses -14. 48 -8. 86 2. 09 1. 49 -0. 14 -0. 3 Government Non-residents The size of wealth redistribution depends on how economic agents adjust their expectations to in? ation surprises. The lower bound is given by an â€Å"indexing ASAP† scenario (hereafter IA), where agents adjust their expectations after the initial shock to take into account the full duration of the shock. This scenario is also known as a gradual in? ation episode, since in? ation is partially anticipated. Under the IA scenario, the nominal yield curve is adj usted upwards to incorporate the in? ation shock. As a result, under the IA scenario, in? tion-induced gains or losses depend on the maturity of the nominal position. The position is â€Å"locked-in† at the pre-shock nominal interest rate until its maturity date but must be discounted using the new nominal rate, resulting in a lower present value. Intuitively, present-value gains or losses for a claim are larger under the FS scenario because all the positions are affected equally by the in? ation episode. Under the IA scenario, however, long-term positions are affected more drastically than shorter positions. Agents are able to mitigate their losses on instruments that mature before the in? tion episode ends. Our calculations are based on a present-value analysis, described in Box 1. Box 2 discusses how we assign terms to maturity for each category of claims. Indexing ASAP scenario It is apparent from the table that, under the two scenarios, the household sector loses, while the government sector wins. The household sector loss and the government gain are both large. Under FS, the household losses amount to 1. 95 per cent of GDP (or $26. 8 billion), while the government gain is 2. 09 per cent (roughly 5 per cent of NNP). The non-resident sector loses, but the loss is small, just 0. 4 per cent of GDP. To understand these ? ndings, recall that, under FS, gains and losses are directly proportional to the initial nominal positions. Since the household sector is the economy’s main lender and the government sector is the main borrower, it is not surprising that these sectors are the most dramatically affected by the shock under the FS scenario. 12 Under the current in? ation-targeting framework, in? ation has not exceeded expectations by one per cent for ? ve consecutive years. However, as a hypothetical scenario, we suppose price-level shocks that push in? tion to the upper bound of the range speci? ed in the current framework. The current annual in? ation target is two per cent with the target range extending from one to three per cent. 46 UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009 Box 1 Present-Value Analysis of Redistributions1 Full-surprise (FS) Scenario We start with an explanation of how unexpected in? ation changes the purchasing power of a nominal claim. Consider an -year, zero-coupon bond with a total nominal yield at time of . In the absence of unexpected in? tion, the present value of one dollar earned in periods through investment in this ? nancial claim is given by are then summed over all claims to derive the net redistribution. Indexing ASAP Scenario The indexing ASAP scenario corresponds to a onetime announcement at period that, starting from the current period , in? ation will be percent higher than expected during each period for the next periods. Assuming that the announcement is credible, bond markets will immediately revise their in? ation expectations and i ncorporate these updates into the nominal yield curve.Assuming that the real curve does not change after the shock and that the Fisher equation holds, the new nominal interest rate used to discount . Therefore, the present a claim is value, , of a claim under IA is , where indicates the exponential function to base . Suppose that at time , there is a one-time surprise increase in in? ation of per cent per year that lasts for periods. Under the FS scenario, since the in? ation shock in each subsequent period is unanticipated, market expectations do not adjust and the nominal term structure is unchanged.As a result, only a proportion, , of a position’s present value remains, and this proportion falls as the size and duration of the shock increase. The present value of , is thus given by this nominal claim under FS, This equation shows that the present value of a onedollar claim at time is independent of the term to maturity of that claim. The present-value gain or loss, , is gi ven by As can be seen from this equation, in contrast to the FS scenario, under IA, a ? nancial position of maturity will be affected only for the periods of its duration, before which the agent is assumed to reinvest at the pre-shock real yield.This is analogous to the agent’s reinvesting in a claim that offers a nominal rate of return that has been indexed to take the in? ation announcement into account. The present-value gain or loss of a claim of maturity under IA is given by: The net present value of gain or loss depends only on the size and duration of the shock and the initial nominal position. The gain is, indeed, proportional to the . pre-shock position, with a coef? cient of If , then there is a gain from the in? ation episode; otherwise, there is a loss. In order to derive the total gain or loss of an economic agent (e. g. , a sector r a household), is calculated for each claim with a term to maturity . The gains or losses 1 This methodology to calculate redistribu tion can be applied to compare the size of redistribution under different monetary policy regimes such as in? ation targeting and price-level targeting. This point is summarized in Crawford, Meh, and Terajima (this issue) and analyzed in detail in Meh, Rios-Rull, and Terajima (2008). Hence, under IA, the present-value gain or loss depends on (i) the size of the shock ( ), (ii) the duration of the shock ( ), (iii) the initial nominal position , and (iv) the maturity of the claim ( ).On the other hand, as mentioned above, the gain or loss under the FS scenario for any position is independent of its maturity. The IA scenario provides a lower bound for gain or loss on a claim, since it assumes full adjustment of expectations to the path of in? ation following the initial announcement. The total gain or loss of an economic agent is derived in the same way as in the FS scenario, based on the sum of the gains and losses from each claim. UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009 47 Box 2 Term-to-Maturity StructureIn this box, we describe how terms to maturity are determined for each claim. For ? nancial short-term claims, we assume that they all have one-year terms to maturity, such that we set = 1. For mortgages, we apply the distribution of ? xed-rate mortgages by term in 2005. 1 The distribution is obtained using the Canadian Financial Monitor data set from Ipsos Reid Canada, which is compiled from a household survey containing detailed mortgage information. Chart A presents the distribution of mortgages across terms of mortgages, weighted by outstanding balances. It shows that the most common term of Canadian ? ed-rate mortgages is ? ve years. Based on the fractions we obtain from Chart A, we assign a weight for each . For example, we assign a 60 per cent weight to . We take a similar approach for bonds. We derive a maturity distribution from quarterly data on the maturity and face value of federal government deb t. 2 Chart B shows the distribution from the fourth quarter of 2005. We assume that the distribution of terms to maturity for federal government bonds approximates that for all instruments in this category. For pensions, we focus on two types of pension plans: de? ned-contribution and non-indexed de? ned-bene? t plans.For de? ned-contribution plans, we assume that the average investment portfolio is approximated by the holdings of Trusteed Pension Plans. 3 The assets of Trusteed Pension Plans are given in the NBSA. We compute the distributions of these assets over terms to maturity and use them to assign weights to each value. For non-indexed de? ned-bene? t plans, we assume a ? xed stream of annual post-retirement payments. When calculating the present-value 1 The term of mortgage is the length of the current mortgage agreement. A mortgage can have a long amortization period, such as 30 years, with a shorter term, such as 5 years.When the term expires, a new term agreement can begi n at the prevailing interest rate. The term of mortgage, rather than the amortization period, is relevant for our analysis. These data were obtained from the Bank of Canada’s Communication, Auction and Reporting System database. See Meh and Terajima (2008) for more details. Trusteed Pension Plans hold approximately 70–75 per cent of employer pension plan assets. See Meh and Terajima (2008) for more details. gains and losses of pension assets, we apply the formulas in Box 1 to each payment, then sum all the gains or losses.In assigning the term to maturity of each payment, we set based on the difference between the current age of the household and the age at the time of the payment. Chart A: Distribution of Fixed-Rate Mortgages by Term % 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Six months One year Two years Three to four years Five years Seven years Ten or more years Chart B: Distribution of Government Bonds by Term to Maturity % 15 10 5 0 1 yr. 10 yr. 20 yr. 30 yr. 2 3 48 UNEXPECTED INF LATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009 It is also clear that gains and losses are generally smaller under IA.The household sector loss under IA is 1. 26 per cent of GDP (or $17. 3 billion), compared with 1. 95 per cent under FS. This change is driven by a reduction in the losses associated with the sector’s net savings in long-term bonds and pensions relative to the FS case. The change is offset somewhat, since instruments with a shorter maturity are less sensitive to gradual in? ation, and the gains associated with the sector’s net debt in mortgage markets shrink relative to the FS case. The government gain drops from about 2. 1 per cent of GDP under the FS scenario to about 1. 5 per cent under the IA scenario—i. . , it shrinks by almost one-third. This occurs because the government borrows through some bonds that have maturities of less than ? ve years. The non-resident sector’s losses, although small, increase f rom 0. 14 per cent of GDP under FS to 0. 23 per cent of GDP under IA. Finally, Table 4 shows gross redistributions for the household sector—i. e. , it distinguishes between losses associated with lending and gains associated with borrowing. It should be clear from these results that net calculations substantially understate how much wealth is shifted around. Under FS, the household sector gains 12. 3 per cent of GDP and loses 14. 48 per cent, implying a total gross redistribution of 27. 01 per cent of GDP. In other words, household wealth worth 27 per cent of GDP is reshuf? ed. Under IA, the total gross redistribution is 16. 47 per cent of GDP. Table 5: Redistribution of Wealth across Households as a Percentage of Net Worth by Age and Income Class, with a One Per Cent In? ation Shock Lasting Five Years Age group Under 36 Full-surprise scenario All High-income Middle-income Low-income Indexing ASAP scenario All High-income Middle-income Low-income 1. 66 0. 26 3. 91 2. 66 0. 44 -0. 18 1. 15 1. 15 -0. 54 -0. 74 -0. 3 0. 28 -0. 84 -0. 76 -0. 94 -0. 42 -0. 83 -0. 82 -0. 89 -0. 17 -0. 82 -0. 86 -0. 81 -0. 56 -0. 34 -0. 55 -0. 19 0. 14 1. 74 0. 13 4. 34 2. 53 0. 54 -0. 10 1. 28 1. 32 -0. 63 -0. 80 -0. 55 0. 16 -1. 07 -0. 85 -1. 26 -1. 01 -1. 36 -1. 34 -1. 42 -0. 69 -1. 55 -1. 45 -1. 64 -1. 15 -0. 53 -0. 68 -0. 42 -0. 16 36–45 46–55 56–65 66–75 Over 75 All Redistribution between household types Even though the household sector as a whole loses from surprise in? ation, the loss (or gain) is not uniform across different types of households. For different groups of households, we calculate the redistribution of wealth induced by the in? tion episode described above. Table 5 reports the present-value gains and losses as a percentage of the average net worth of each group for FS and IA. Overall, with respect to age categories, young households bene? t from in? ation and older households lose. On the income dimension, the right column of t he table indicates that high-income households lose the most and the loss declines as income becomes lower. Speci? cally, the main winners are young, middleincome households with large, ? xed-rate mortgage debts. Their gain as a proportion of mean net worth is large: 4. 34 per cent under FS and 3. 1 per cent under IA. The second group of winners is the young, lowincome group, who enjoy, on average, gains between 2. 53 per cent and 2. 66 per cent of their average net worth. The gains of the young low-income group come largely from their holdings of student loans and mortgage debt. Note that this group actually experiences greater gains under IA. As in the case for the non-resident sector, this occurs when there is a maturity mismatch. More speci? cally, while the gains associated with their net borrowing positions in bonds and mortgages do not vary much between in? tion scenarios, the losses associated with their savings in short-term instruments are mitigated under IA, since these c laims mature before the shock has ended. The main winners are young, middleincome households with large, ? xed-rate mortgage debts. More age groups among low-income housholds bene? t from the in? ation episode than those among the middle class or the high-income under FS. This is because low-income households remain net borrowers through to age 56, and therefore the youngest three groups among the low-income are winners. In general, older middle- and high-income households bear most of the losses under the two in? tion scenarios. More speci? cally, under the FS scenario, high- and middle-income households over age 75 are the sector’s greatest losers, with losses accounting for 1. 45 per cent and 1. 64 per cent, respectively, of their respective average net worth. These losses are UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009 49 mainly owing to their large positions in bonds and non-indexed de? ned-bene? t pensions. Table 5 also shows that most high-income households lose from the in? ation episode. Older middle- and high-income households bear most of the losses . . owing to their large positions in bonds and non-indexed de? ned-bene? t pensions. Conclusion In this article, we quantify the redistributional effects of unexpected in? ation in Canada. To this end, we ? rst provide comprehensive evidence of the nominal assets and liabilities of various economic sectors and household groups. We then conduct experiments examining the redistributional consequences of various in? ation episodes. The key ? nding is that the redistributional effects of unexpected in? ation are large even for episodes of low in? ation. For example, during an episode of low in? tion, where in? ation is one per cent above expectations for ? ve consecutive years, the loss of wealth among the household sector as a whole could amount to the equivalent of two per cent of GDP, or $27 billion. Among the main winners are young, middle-income households, who are major holders of ? xed-rate mortgage debt, and the government, since in? ation reduces the real burden of their debts. The losers are a combination of highincome households; middle-aged, middle-income households; and old households, who hold long-term bonds and non-indexed pension wealth.Non-indexed pension assets play an important role in the losses of old households. A natural question arising from these results is whether these redistributions have implications for the aggregate economy and welfare. These issues are analyzed in recent research by Meh, Rios-Rull, and Terajima (2008), whose ? ndings are also summarized in Crawford, Meh, and Terajima (this issue). Literature Cited Crawford, A. , C. A. Meh, and Y. Terajima. 2009. â€Å"Price-Level Uncertainty, Price-Level Targeting, and Nominal Debt Contracts. † Bank of Canada Review, (Spring): 31-41. Doepke, M. nd M. Schneider. 2006. â€Å"In? ation and the Redistribution of Nominal Wealth. † Journa l of Political Economy 114 (6): 1069–97. Meh, C. A. , J. -V. Rios-Rull, and Y. Terajima. 2008. â€Å"Aggregate and Welfare Effects of Redistribution of Wealth under In? ation and Price-Level Targeting. † Bank of Canada Working Paper No. 2008-31. Meh, C. A. and Y. Terajima. 2008. â€Å"In? ation, Nominal Portfolios, and Wealth Redistribution in Canada. † Bank of Canada Working Paper No. 2008-19. 50 UNEXPECTED INFLATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN CANADA BANK OF CANADA REVIEW SPRING 2009

Inhibitor Definition in Chemistry

In chemistry, an inhibitor is a substance that delays, slows or prevents a chemical reaction. It may also be called a negative catalyst. Common Misspellings: inhibiter There are three common classes of inhibitors: Corrosion inhibitor: A corrosion inhibitor decreases the rate of oxidation of metal.Enzyme inhibitor: In chemistry and biology, an enzyme inhibitor binds to an enzyme, lessening its activity. Enzyme inhibitors may be reversible or irreversible.Reaction inhibitor: A reaction inhibitor is any substance that decreases the rate of a chemical reaction. Corrosion inhibitors and enzyme inhibitors are both types of reaction inhibitors. Reaction inhibitors are classified by their potency as strong, moderate, or weak. Sources Berg, J.; Tymoczko, J.; Stryer, L. (2002) Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-4955-6.Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Drug Interactions Labeling - Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers. www.fda.gov.Grà ¤fen, H.; Horn, E.-M.; Schlecker, H.; Schindler, H. (2002) Corrosion. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.b01_08

Accounting Information System - 1811 Words

Discussion I. I. Accounting information system is a combination of collecting, recording, storing, and processing data of a business. The advancement of technology initiates business firms to seek for new innovations that would greatly help in business functions. As what Dillon and Kruck (2004) had explained, â€Å"at the start of the 21st century, business organizations are facing an explosion of global competition and innovation and facilitating this explosion is the increasing ability of organizations to make good business decisions based on the large amounts of information their enterprise produces†. In this environment, it is necessary for a successful business to integrate information technology into its basic process. And with†¦show more content†¦With the six components of AIS the three important business functions would be met. One of the business functions is to get and store information about business operations, resources, and personnel (K.T. Smith amp; M.L. Smith, 2002). Another function is to make the data useful for decision making so that the management can control, work, plan, and c heck its activities, resources, and the personnel (Vitez, 2010). Finally because of the components of AIS the business can give right control to ensure the safety of assets, authorize the transactions and to safeguard the reliability and accuracy of the accounting records to prevent the problems that will arise in an organization (Herrera, n.d.). AIS design is affected by three factors as indicated by K.T. Smith amp; M.L. 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